I02 WARREN DUPRE SMITH AND EARL L. PACKARD 



They include the oak, willow, walnut, and the sequoia. The latter is appar- 

 ently the living redwood of California. Both the oak and the willow likewise 

 closely resemble their living relatives in that sister-state at the south. 



There are in this Satsop flora above the Columbia basalt remains of several 

 of the same genera found in the Eagle Creek strata below that great body of lava, 

 but their specific characters are so markedly more modern as to brand this 

 flora at once as belonging to a distinctly later age. On the other hand, this 

 flora includes plants that at present grow upon the earth, most of them, how- 

 ever, flourishing only in the warmer climate of lower latitudes. Such equiva- 

 lence to hving forms might imply enforced migration, the retrieval of lost 

 territory having not yet, to the present, been made. Or more likely, that the 

 climate in which they grew, and prior to their displacement, was a more equable 

 one than ours of today. In any case, similarity with land plants found else- 

 where in undoubted Pleistocene strata, as well as with those of the present, 

 affords us tentative grounds at least for saying with added confidence that the 

 Satsop formation, as it enters into the structure of the Cascade Range, appears 

 to belong to the Pleistocene. 



The deposits at Fossil Lake and at other lakes of the semiarid 

 region of south-central Oregon are definitely referred to the Pleisto- 

 cene. First it should be stated that the avifauna and equifauna 

 mentioned in the literature in connection with Silver Lake came 

 from Fossil Lake a few miles northeast of Silver Lake. As there 

 are two Silver Lakes in south-central Oregon, the name Fossil Lake 

 ought to be used to the exclusion of that of Silver Lake. 



This lake is now dried up, and the surface material consists of a 

 light-colored mixture of sand, clay, and silts. Some of this may be 

 a fine-grained tuff. Deposits of tufa, or lime carbonate, are found 

 covering much of the surface about these lakes. 



We cannot refer these deposits to their proper zone at the present 

 time. In these same beds containing Pleistocene animals there 

 were some human artifacts, chiefly arrowheads, which it is thought 

 are of more recent origin. 



Extensive and highly important collections, principally of birds 

 and horses, have been made here by various institutions. Dr. 

 Thomas Condon being the first scientist to explore them. The 

 most notable studies made on this subject are by Schufeldt' and 

 by Cope.^ Many bones of the mammoth, of camels, and horses 



^R. W. Schufeldt, Jour. Acad. Nat Sci., Philadelphia (1892), No. 9. 

 ^E. D. Cope, Am. Natural., XXXIII, 970-82. 



