34 Reviews — Dr. James Geihie's Great Ice Age. 



inclicating a genial climate. As time passed, tlae Southern forms 

 disappeared, and were replaced by Northern types. 



n. First Glacial Epoch. An Arctic fauna lived in the North 

 Sea. The basin of the Baltic was occupied by an immense glacier. 

 Glaciers also descended from the volcanic mountains of Central 

 France, and the mountain valleys of the Alpine Lands were filled 

 with ice which heaped up moraines on the low grounds. To this 

 epoch belong the Weybourn Crag and the Chillesford Clay. 



III. First inter-Glacial Epoch, The Arctic fauna retreated from 

 the North Sea, and the southern part of it was now dry land, across 

 which the Rhine and other rivers flowed. The flora was comparable 

 to that now existing, and the Hippopotamus, Elephants, and other 

 Mammals lived in this country. The period of the Cromer Forest- 

 bed. Subsequently the temperate flora in England was replaced by 

 Arctic forms. 



IV. Second Glacial Epoch. An enormous mer-de-glace covered 

 all the northern part of Europe, and reached as far south as Saxony. 

 Arctic-alpine plants occupied the low grounds of Central Europe, 

 and northern animals lived round the shores of the Mediterranean. 

 To this epoch belong the Lower Boulder-clays and associated fluvio- 

 glacial deposits of this country. 



V. Second inter-Glacial Epoch. A temperate and southern flora 

 took the place of the Arctic-alpine on the low grounds. The 

 plants growing at this time in North Germany and Central Russia, 

 indicate a climate milder than the present one in those regions. 

 Hippopotamus and Elephas antiquus are included in the Mammalian 

 fauna. Britain Avas connected with the Continent, and there was 

 probably a land bridge between Europe and Africa. The Hessle 

 gravels, Sussex beach deposits, etc., were probably formed in this 

 period. Its long duration is shown by the depth to which the river- 

 valleys were eroded. 



VI. Third Glacial Epoch. Another extensive ice-sheet covered 

 the greater part of the British Isles and a large area of the 

 Continent, but it did not reach so far as the previous one. The 

 glaciers of the Alps reached to the low grounds, and formed the 

 moraines of the " inner zone." To this period are assigned the 

 Upper Boulder-clay and its associated fluvio-glacial deposits. 



VII. Third inter-Glacial Epoch. Temperate conditions, the evidence 

 for which is principally derived from the youngest inter-Glacial beds 

 of the Baltic coast-lands. Much of the old alluvial deposits of 

 Britain and Ireland probably belong to this period, though hitherto 

 classed as post-Glacial. Some of the beds in the Baltic area contain 

 the remains of Mammoth, Woolly Rhinoceros, Horse, Irish Deer, 

 and Urus. 



VIII. Fourth Glacial Epoch. In the early stages Scotland was 

 submerged to the depth of at least 100 feet, and an Arctic fauna lived 

 in the sea. Glaciers came down from the mountains and filled 

 the Highland fiords. The snow-line did not reach higher than 

 1000 or 1600 feet above the sea in Scotland. Another ice-sheet 

 covered the Scandinavian peninsula, and the glaciers from it 



