86 Reviews — Dr. A. Penck — Geographical Morpliology. 



on the surface in Tokio they are marked, lasting many hours. As 

 I have previously spent so much time in analysing tremor records, 

 the present records remain untouched. Tremors occur with a low 

 barometer, but more generally when there is a steep barometric 

 gradient. It seems possible that these conditions may result in 

 giving the surface of the ground an ocean swell-like motion through 

 the agency of subterranean water. 



4. EarthquaTces. — At Kamakura, on the hard rock, the greatest 

 earthquake motion has been given by the pendulum which records 

 tilting parallel to the dip, suggesting the idea that in this direction 

 there is an easier yielding (like the opening and shutting of a 

 concertina) than there is in a direction parallel to the strike. On 

 March 22, I and my colleague, Mr. 0. D. West, watched an earth- 

 quake for 1 h. 47 m., during which time the pendulum did not 

 sioivg, but was forced backwards and forwards intermittently and 

 with extreme irregularity. These earthquakes are in the form of 

 earth waves and usually come from a great distance. A sharp shock 

 which may be felt throughout Tokio, and at many places in the 

 country, does not disturb the pendulums, and it is difficult to find 

 a bJurr on the photographic trace. 



E, :H! AT- X IE "W S. 



I. — Geographical Morphology. 

 MoRPHOLOGiE DER Erdoberflaohe. By Dr. Albert Penck, Pro- 

 fessor of Geography in the University of Vienna. 



RaTZEL's BiBLIOTHEK GeOGRAPHISCHER HANDBliCHER. J. 



Engelmann. Stuttgart, 1894. 8vo. 2 Vols. Vol. I. pp. 

 xiv.+471, 29 Figures. Vol. II. pp. X.+696, 38 Figures. 



AS the study of geography must have commenced unconsciously 

 in the very earliest days of man's existence on the earth, it is 

 not surprising that this science long ago acquired a rigid conservatism, 

 and lack of scientific method, and a burden of imperfectly defined 

 popular terras. In England descriptive topographical geography is 

 still hampered by this inheritance. Abroad, however, more scientific 

 methods have been rapidly gaining ground, especially in Germany 

 and Austria, and in the United States. In the two first geography 

 reached its highest level in Eichthofen's admirable " Fiihrer fiir 

 Forschungsreisende " and Suess's " Antlitz der Erde." In America 

 the writings of Gilbert and W. M. Davis have founded a school 

 which has advanced the subject with great energy. The works 

 of these authors are, however, bulky and scattered, and a systematic 

 text-book of orography has been a desideratum for some time past. 

 Dr. Eatzel, the editor of the well-known "Bibliothek Geographischer 

 Handbiicher," persuaded Prof. Penck to undertake the preparation 

 of one. The task has, however, taken more than ten years to fulfil, 

 for the literature of geodesy, geography, and geology have had to 

 be carefully worked through. 



The book consists of three parts. The first deals with general 

 morphology. This will probably be of most interest to geologists, 

 for the subject is barely noticed in geological text-books, and there 



