J. E. Marr — Studies in Laheland. 301 



(h) The Upper Wafers of the Glenderamackin and Caldeio. 

 The Glenderamackin (G) rises on the eastern face of Saddleback, 

 one of its feeders issuing from Scales Tarn (S Tj, to be referred to 

 later. It flows through Bannerdale (Ba) to Mungrisdale (M), 

 a village lying four miles north-east of Scales Tarn in a direct line, 

 though the distance is greater along the course of the winding 

 stream. Here it comes out of the comparatively narrow valley of 

 Bannerdale into a broad, nearly flat-bottomed valley, extending 

 in a general north-and-south direction from the junction of the 

 Glenderamackin and Troutbeok streams to the eastern side of 

 Carrock Fell. On reaching this wide valley, the Glenderamackin 

 stream turns sharply south, flows in that direction for two miles, 

 and then tui'ns towards the west and flows past Keswick (as the 

 Greta), to join the Derwent. 



After walking from Mungrisdale in a northerly direction for one 

 mile, and noticing an apparently flat bottom to the wide valley above 

 mentioned, extending from Barrow Beck (B) for a distance of three 

 miles to Linewath (L), one is surprised to find the Caldew (C) at 

 Bowscale (Bo) issuing from a narrow valley nearly parallel to that 

 of the upper part of the Glenderamackin, and on reaching the wide 

 valley turning northwards to fall eventually into the Eden at Carlisle, 

 instead of southwards to join the Glenderamackin. 



It is very apparent that at one time this wide valley was occupied 

 by one river, and. that the upper waters of the Caldew were after- 

 vpards deflected into the drainage area of the Eden, or the upper 

 waters of the Glenderamackin were turned into the Derwent from 

 the Eden drainage ai-ea. It is not a difficult task to discover which 

 of these occurred. 



Barrow Beck (B) cuts through drift containing abundant boulders 

 from the Helvellyn Range (I readily found one of a Helvellyn quartz- 

 felsite), so that at one time the Helvellyn ice extended as far as 

 Barrow Beck ; at this time the valley northwards seems to have 

 been free of ice, for the moraine of the Bannerdale glacier descend- 

 ing from Saddleback is deposited at the mouth of Bannerdale (the 

 village of Mungrisdale is situated on it, and the Glenderamackin 

 has cut through it, south of the village, showing a sei'ies of river 

 terraces at successive levels), and it does not extend across the maia 

 north-and-south valley. If the waters of the Caldew originally ran 

 south, they would be blocked by the terminal moraine of the 

 Helvellyn ice-lobe, and ponded back giving rise to a lake. That 

 such a lake existed is indicated by the alluvial flat extending for 

 three miles from White Moss just north of Barrow Beck to Line- 

 wath Farm. The position of this lake is indicated by the diagonally 

 shaded part of the Figure. The terminal moraine of the Helvellyn 

 ice-lobe is only a few feet above the alluvial flat, and now forms 

 the watershed (Wa) between the Caldew and Glenderamackin. 

 The old course of the Caldew is indicated to the south of tliis 

 watershed by the lower part of Barrow Beck, and to the north by 

 a nameless stream (shown traversing the southern part of what 

 was once the lake). 



