Bevieics — Von ZitteVs Outlines of Talceontology. 429 



(Natural-History Branch), 1882, pp. 10, 17, and 19; and for its 

 synonomy and relationships, pages 84, 85. 



At pages 228, 229, Dr. Calvin offers some suggestive remarks on 

 the probable conditions of that part of the Cretaceous sea now- 

 replaced by North America, especially in the Iowa region, as to the 

 relative depth and clearness in some parts, and its shallower state 

 near the old shore-line eastward. Judging from the relatively large 

 growth, or the contrary, of some Text'daricB and other forms, he 

 indicates the area of deep and clear water, and that of shallow and 

 littoral with its mechanical sediments. We cannot, however, agree 

 with his notion that the Glohigerina digitnta is an "abnormal" form, 

 taking on an extra growth in consequence of being "restricted" or 

 otherwise on the deep sea-bottom. 



The successive formation of the sevei'al members of the Cretaceous 

 series in this region, and the probable physical conditions under 

 which they were deposited, is carefully described. The local sub- 

 sidence was greatest when the Niobrara Chalk was being formed, 

 with its abundant Poraminifera, whether pelagic or abyssal, and with 

 the associated Coccoliths and Khabdoliths as in Manitoba. Then a 

 gradual elevation of the sea-bottom began; and this in time brought 

 about the formation of the shales and sandstones of the Pierre and 

 succeeding stages. 



The wide range of these Foraminifera in the two Hemispheres is 

 a subject of interest not lost sight of by Dr. Calvin ; and their long 

 continuous and persistent existence, or great range in time, has been 

 often noticed by naturalists. T. E. J. 



II. — GRUNDziJGE DEK Pal^ontologie (Pal^ozoologie), Von Karl 

 A. VON ZiTTEL, Professor an der Universitiit zu Miinchen. 

 972 Textseiten, mit 2048 in den Text gedruckten Abbildungen. 

 Miinchen u. Leipzig. (Oldenbourg, 1895.) London : Dulau 

 and Co., 37, Soho Square, W. Price 25s., post free. 



IT is not more than two years since that Prof, von Zittel brought 

 to a successful conclusion the " Handbuch der Palgeontologie," 

 which, on a scale not before attempted, included in its scope a de- 

 scription of all the leading genera of fossils, as well as references 

 to those of subordinate importance. In the preparation of this 

 immense work, nearly twenty years ran by ; and, as is well known, 

 in this interval our knowledge of fossils advanced in nearly every 

 department, with the result that by the time the concluding volume 

 of the " Handbuch " appeared, the earlier portion of the work, 

 treating of the lower groups of the Invertebrata, w^as already in part 

 out of date. In place, however, of re-writing the first volume of 

 the " Handbuch " as an instalment of a new edition. Yon Zittel has 

 prepared the present " Grrundziige," in which a brief but compre- 

 hensive representation of the more important facts of paleeontology, 

 both vertebrate and invertebrate, have been brought within the 

 compass of a single volume. The same method of arrangement 

 has been adopted in this, as in the larger work ; but to keep it 

 within the necessary limits, a selection of the specially typical forms 



