40 R. A. F. PENROSE, JR. 
In some places gum is found in the ground underlying forests 
in which few or no kauri trees occur, but its origin is shown by 
its occasional association with the remnants of kauri trees and by 
inclusions of leaves. In such instances the original kauri forests have 
long since disappeared and the present flora represents a subsequent 
growth. A remarkable case of this is described by Mr. Bagnall! 
at Turua, in New Zealand, where a forest composed mostly of 
Fic. 1.—Kauri gum mining in New Zealand 
kahikatea trees covers an area in which kauri gum is remarkably 
abundant. The gum is often more or less charred by heat and is 
associated with the remains of kauri trees. Mr. Bagnall thinks 
that some of the kahikatea trees in this region are not less than one 
thousand years old; and though parts of this forest may have 
existed before the kauri forest disappeared, yet we see in this case 
a suggestion that possibly gum deposits may sometimes be of 
tL. J. Bagnall, ‘Notes on the Occurrence of Kauri-Gum in the Kahikatea Forest 
at Turua,” Trans. and Proceed., New Zealand Institute, XXIX (1896), 412-13. 
SS 
