56 PEARL SHELDON 
FOLDING 
In general the rocks of the Ithaca region dip slightly to the south 
so that successively older strata are exposed to the north in the lake 
section. In the area studied the outcrops are Hamilton shale, 
Tully limestone, Genesee shale, and Portage sandstone and shale. 
The southward dip is not uniform, however. The region is crossed 
by a series of low folds which have been described and mapped by 
E. M. Kindlet They have been more briefly described by H. S. 
Williams,” and one of them by S. G. Williams. 
In the Watkins Glen—Catatonk quadrangles the anticlinal and 
synclinal axes occur a few miles apart and their directions are 
usually somewhat north of east. The folds die out east of the 
longitude of Ithaca. Three of these axes—the Enfield syncline, 
Watkins anticline, and Corbett Point syncline—cross the Ithaca 
region. They are shown in Fig. 6, copied from Folio 169. The 
dotted lines represent approximate location. North of these axes 
and beyond the northern boundary of the area included in Folio 169 
is a well-developed fold which is conspicuous along Cayuga Lake 
because it is outlined by a prominent outcrop of Tully limestone. 
The point where the anticlinal axis crosses the western shore is 
accurately shown by a hard layer in the Hamilton shales which 
rises a few feet above low-water level at the highest point of the 
fold. The highest point on the eastern side is not so well shown 
but the direction of this axis as drawn in the upper part of Fig. 6 
is correct to one or two degrees. It is a pitching fold. S. G. 
Williams gives the height of the Tully limestone outcrop on the 
west side as 160 feet and on the east side 235 feet above lake level. 
This has been called the Ludlowville fold and the Shurger Point 
fold. 
From this axis the rocks descend to the northern limit of the 
map but the dip is not uniform. First there is a sharp dip, then a 
nearly horizontal region, then another steep dip to the north, thus 
forming a small fold on the northern limb of the main anticline. 
t Jour. Geol., XII, No. 4 (1904), 281-89; Folio No. 169, U.S. Geol. Surv. (Watkins 
Glen-Catatonk quadrangles), pp. 13-15; field edition pp. 98-107. 
2 Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., XX XI (1882), 412. 
3Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XXVI (1883), 303-5. 
