AUSTRALIAN GLACIATIONS 199 
Carboniferous period, while in the case of the other states the 
morainic material is at places intermixed with sediments contain- 
ing remains of marine organisms which suggests a distribution, in 
part, by means of floating ice. 
SOUTH AUSTRALIA 
The earliest recognition of ice-marks, on the Australian con- 
tinent, was made by A. R. C. Selwyn in 1859, when engaged by 
the South Australian government to make a geological reconnais- 
sance of the country. In his official report he said: 
At one point in the bed of the Inman I observed a smooth striated and 
grooved rock surface, presenting every indication of glacial action. The bank 
of the creek showed a section of clay and coarse gravel or drift, composed of 
fragments of all sizes, irregularly imbedded through the clay. The direction 
of the grooves and scratches is east and west in parallel lines, or nearly at 
right angles to the strike of the rocks; and though they follow the course of 
the stream, I do not think that they could have been produced by the action 
of the water, forcing pebbles and boulders detached from the drift, along the 
bed of the stream. This is the first and only instance of the kind I have met 
with in Australia, and it at once attracted my attention—strongly reminding 
me of the similar markings I had so frequently observed in the mountain 
valleys of North Wales. 
Selwyn offers no suggestion as to the age of the glaciation. 
Eighteen years later (1877) the late Professor Ralph Tate 
(IV), of the University of Adelaide, announced his discovery of a 
glaciated pavement at Hallett’s Cove, situated on the coast, 15 
miles south of Adelaide and 30 miles north of the glacial discovery 
made by Selwyn. The polished and striated surfaces are exposed 
at intervals, for about a mile on the top of the sea cliffs consisting 
of purple slates and quartzites of Cambrian age. Tate, in the 
first instance, considered the glaciation to be synchronous with 
the Pleistocene glaciation of the northern hemisphere; but this 
view, on further evidence, was shown to be incorrect. 
The Hallett’s Cove glaciated surfaces are of a roche moutonnée 
type, extending inland for a quarter of a mile, and are covered 
with glacial drift, which, again, is overlain by marine beds of 
Miocene age. The morainic material fills in an excavated valley 
in the Cambrian beds, forming the “‘Cove,”’ and while giving a 
