668 V. R. GARFIAS 
results obtained were remarkably uniform. It was found that the 
leaves first penetrated were distorted only within a comparatively 
small radius, and that the zone of distortion increased toward the 
bottom in a more or less uniform ratio. A horizontal plan showed 
that in order to take care of the buckling near the nail, the first 
leaves had been torn at right angles and that the number of fissures 
naturally decreased as the zone of bending increased. It was also 
noticed that the fracturing and folding of any leaf around and near 
the nail was to a great extent controlled by the location and nature 
of displacement in the leaves immediately under, and this resulted 
in the formation of zones of dislocation along approximately vertical 
planes, most of which were closed before reaching the surface owing 
to the lesser number of fractures in the leaves last penetrated. 
From these experimental observations and the results of actual 
experience in the developed portions of the fields, the following 
tentative conclusions have been drawn: 
The thickness of the basalt intrusions as they pass through the 
Cretaceous-Eocene shales toward the surface increases roughly in a 
uniform ratio. 7 
The horizontal zone of folding of the shales around the intru- 
sions increases toward the surface. 
The horizontal zone of fracturing varies with that of folding, 
but the number of fractures is greater in the deeper beds. 
The fractures seem to occur along roughly vertical planes, 
thus*forming deep well-like channels. 
These vertical holes, partially filled with basalt and shale, 
could. be effectively capped before reaching the surface, owing to 
the fewer number of fractures in the higher beds and the increasing 
cross-section of the intrusion toward the surface. 
Before discussing the relation of the intrusions to the accumula- 
tion of the oil and gas, it is thought advisable to summarize certain 
views regarding the origin of the oil in this region: 
For obvious reasons, the oil did not originate in the 700 feet 
of sandy limestones, conglomerates, and clays of Tertiary age, 
the remains of which are now exposed in patches here and there. 
If the 3,000 feet of Cretaceous-Eocene shales were the source 
of the oil, they would show a more or less bituminous character 
