GEOLOGICAL ROUTE THROUGH ASIA MINOR 79 



The district between the Malya Tchol and the Kyzyl Yrmak 

 valley to the south is again apparently eocene in date, resembling 

 closely in appearance the Haimane and the vicinity of Sungurlu. 

 The very top of the divide south of Hadji Bektash showed no out- 

 crops, but the pebbles brought down and the appearance of the 

 distant hills would imply that it also had a volcanic core. It is a 

 very much more insignificant ridge than Kiepert's map would 

 suggest. 



KARA BURUN 



The village of Kara Burun is located on the east slope of a mesa 

 capped with a sheet of hard black trap. This sheet disappears 

 abruptly at the north end of the village against a steep bluff of 

 much-rotted granite, which in its turn is capped with a second 

 sheet of trap exactly similar to the first, but on a higher level. 

 The lower level trap, like the upper, seems underlaid with granite. 



East of the upper level, the granite is laid bare in several places, 

 but east of the lower level there are no near outcrops. On the 

 south boundary of the granite outcrop there is a line of springs 

 marked by gardens and villages, of which the first is Kara Burun 

 itself. The whole, with the line between the upper and the lower 

 Kara Burun traps and the southern boundary of the Eocene deposits 

 farther to the east, forms a line nearly parallel to the Kyzyl Yrmak 

 river which I have interpreted as possibly a fault. 



East of Kara Burun the Kyzyl Yrmak valley, as far at least as 

 Avanos, is filled with a series of almost horizontally bedded neo- 

 cenes, more or less tufaceous, which gradually rise as one goes east. 

 They are cut off to the south by the valley of the river, and seem 

 on the north to end abruptly against the eocenes. Farther to the 

 east, as one approaches Avanos, the eocenes appear from below 

 and the later deposits make only a narrow cornice against the bluff. 

 Some of this series of beds are more or less water-worn conglomer- 

 ates, while others are fine-grained tuffs of very even texture. The 

 latter especially have been much used by the troglodytes for 

 excavating houses, churches, and tombs. 



South of the river one can see a great confusion of lava-sheets, 

 the spaces between which are taken up by vast masses of tuff. 

 Occasionally the tufaceous matter would become less noticeable, 



