80 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES 



and they would grade into the usual Neocene conglomerates. The 

 trap-sheets hardly appear north of the river, except at Kara Burun. 



Several miles west of Inje Su there is a perfectly flat plain, 

 formed by the vesicular surface of one of the trap-sheets. Nearer 

 to Inje Su itself a stream has cut a deep gorge in this bed, exposing 

 the underlying tuff. 



The district between Avanos and Inje Su is the famous troglo- 

 dyte country, which also extends a long distance to the south, to 

 the west of Mount Argaeus. In the neighborhood of Urgiib there 

 had evidently been at one time a thick layer of fine homogeneous 

 tuff, capped with a thin trap-sheet, which though harder than the 

 tuff was itself easily weathered and cracked into blocks. Erosion 

 has cut this whole district into a mass of cones of tuff, the higher 

 ones of which are still capped with small blocks of trap. Between 

 these higher ones there are a vast number of shorter cones, whose 

 lava caps have fallen off, and which are fast being eroded away. 

 When the cap falls off it sometimes finds new lodgment at a lower 

 level, and becomes the nucleus of a new shorter cone. Hundreds 

 of the cones have been used by the troglodytes for excavating 

 houses, and many of these are still in use. Where the country is 

 at a little higher level, at Urgiib village, the country is not broken 

 up into separate cones, but there is a large mass of tuff, crowned 

 by a continuous sheet, and terminated to the north with a con- 

 tinuous cliff. The village was originally a system of troglodyte 

 houses excavated in the face of this cliff, but most of the houses 

 have added built facades in more recent times. It is still distinctly 

 a troglodyte village nevertheless. 



Beyond Inje Su notes were not taken, but the general character 

 of the country does not change. Tchihatcheff spent considerable 

 time in this district, and gives a long and interesting account of it 

 in the section "trachytes" of his geology of Asia Minor. 



THE LACUSTRINES 



In this survey I have passed over several sections of the route 

 with hardly a word. These are occupied by the characteristic 

 Neocene (lacustrine) deposits which seem to cover nearly half the 

 surface of Anatolia. They are in general horizontally bedded or' 



