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9—1852.] THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 139 
morality, and religion among the nations ; but — = upon their manners? Visit the low shore, where, | even pure es rk applied in irrigation 
contemplate her wi ith the eye of a geographer an instead -y 5 abrupt wall of rock boldly w with nan would act most advantageously. Many reasons might 
— aPN ing the „the shelving sands let the — -n e assigned for this 
Look at the wildest scenes of our r land, up in the ex- roll and liani — violence 2 a slope mong the — SER afforded by practice — 
treme north of Se otland or in its western islands, where sea, grinding material from ng of ee pris ap cee on this subject, three may mentioned: 
the very bones of the world seem to show themselves, the shingle beach into a ot against its own inroads ; | Water is never absolutely pure. Hence it will act = a 
protruding through the skin. Look at the Grampians, | or where the loose sa nd blow n into hillocks and matted liquid manure. fe It will by its abundance dissolve, 
Cheviots, the mountains of Cumberland and Wales, the and bound down by the root fibres of the Sand-reed and | and thus make available to plants many parts of the 
oorlands of Yorkshire and Derbyshire, and 2 sa ts GO Sedge, eu urb the advances of the salt flood. When speak- | soil which were G before indio for their support. 
wilds of Devon and Cornwall ; where summ aked or ing of the rural erer A of carn — may we not 3d. If the principle of Maca true—that plants 
moss-covered pierce the clouds, and attrac — isture advantag e fer to these battles of the elements, | reject part of the sap, age ong is 2 suitable for their 
which foams in torrents and eg s down their mighty | and oe principles ze which they perform the service | growth ; thus forming a deposit about their roots anala- 
slopes and pre — gathering into deep lakes at of de an? What reason is there against our | gous to the fæces of animals; it ean readily be snc 
feet ; —— long slopes and — eee Eee — — cea enes in connection with the agrieul- how — * 5 — then carefully withdrawn or 
— ling ires of peat an pr escription of the neighbourhood, or against our | abou > pui rifier 1 and — 
water; ae deep valleys, once tne Be with | offering a reflection upon them ; as, for instance, in the | The ae 8 cerns us, is generally in 
forests, but now denuded of their pristine glory, lie poet case, quoting those words of the prophet— | Grass la nd which is never 3 by tilling, which is 
in richly-green meadows, naturally irrigated by the|“Fear ye = — = the Lord: will ye not a ene =? fae abe A a 3 is especially needed, if 
brooks, whose water-worn banks display the — tremble at ce, which have placed the such a requi 
mould formed from the wreck of those woods ; sand for the . ae She sea by a perpetual decree, It is n not aeg poly provinee of the engineer to 
cotters build their humble homesteads by the brink of that it cannot pass it; and though the waves thereof use arguments for adoptin gt he practice or otherwise, 
SS th He only — s to point out how it shou =- be 2 
ere | roar, yet can t ae not pass over it.” Or look at other Indeed no one doubts the aarti of having a 
the heathery heights, wet with perpetual showers, are por = of o es encircling coast-line, is it not meadow, yet still we commonly see this cheap fertiliser, 
by black-faced Bs enclosi j ve wha i carry 
= l ould p 
climbing upon the steeps, encroach upon the elevated | areas 70 our — are being eaten away by hungry | food to lants—despised and neglected— na — to ruin 
i use and black nd, w e i 
May nts will be ed 5 
ance, All these mountains and moor-la 8 eliff, the natural beach that repels the sea and proteets of costless restoration to exhausted soil, when it shall 
still in native grandeur, defiant "of man’s efforts to a ground from overflow, the artificial embank- | be as universally applied as it is found. 
subdue and change, or wrought in some degree in rai hec — e| Even a small stream, i ittin accu- 
food-bearing, and clad with * — — “fruitfuiness by — flats which have been given to us by the waters, wan rain water 8 for 1 In these 
his hand- have great lessons for Why should not | —as different objects y interest and instruction for the | cases you only require a reservoir, in which water may 
the mountaineer, whilst reading = day a sublime — tiller of the soil. But we would not limit the oceasional i collected and — till the proper time for intro- 
mysterious leaf of the great book of nature, be taught 1 of our journalists and t eir correspondents | ducing it. These must be formed water tight, at some 
oo that the glittering rock he treads under foot was to topics in rura ae in bie aH preg of natural | higher level than the ground which is to be watered, 
mass of molten lava shot forth from the earth’s | science or moral reflect We o obj to | The most usual case of irrigation, is where a river flows 
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— abysses; that far down are now resting, upon allusions to wrt — pine ‘ian those of through some low-lying flat grounds. 
liquid fire, the roots of the self-same mountain of farmers, graziers, and labourers. Let the agriculturist | You must have the means of making the water flow 
stone, hig i d and i e yo 
so fer y 
mark the mouth of a coal-pit, all hemmed round spraek the pirate crew sheltered, or scan ng up some way, and gaining a higher point, a 
by huge mounds of cinereous refuse. His tillage, the fisherman aes his 2 dwelling and landing-place, now | channel may be cut ia a slight slope, which willreach 
his carting, his draining, are a mere skimming of the ce with | the field at a high — water 
thin upper surface compared with the great excavations | every nation — the globe. Let him be — ne the it. Another —— may 
which are burrowing in the profound depths of that factories of cotton, wool, silk, iron, &e.—the loams, the | convey the water back to the river, — — 
mine. Why should he not read now and then in his | hammers, the ater-wheels, and steam-engines—have | its office. 
newspaper a few words about the origin of those thick added to the 3 ral resources of his country, the The rules in irrigation are to supply water to the 
seams of coal, and their growth and decay from fossil | power of manufactur: 2 = Prag ; all which combined | plants while growing, 255 never to let it stagnate about 
; about the injection of those exhaustless metallic | have made Britain great world. Let him be them, in which case it would produce in them the 
veins, or whatever ore may chance to lie beneath him? pointed to the deep aren —— — or tunnel ater. a | characters of = eat e plants. 
Why should not his agricultural magazin reac ghee some mountain; to the or: via wai et whose exalted roa The first ss therefore, is to ste the relative 
of the ‘conjectures he wens 3 often have othe ruck as to is supporte „ as it we n the rg “of “solid bre ia i 7 by the u th „or S 
the finding of such strange and valuable N meh such to the marvellous Nts 26 to the long pan carried | if you have “ay aye a contour Ther next considera- 
a depth from air and sunlight; as to the wondrous | level over valleys and through uplands,—to the great tion is the size and shape of vas channel. The shape 
upheaval of stone layers thousands of yards —— chan n. of rivers turned aside in ree co ns and | has been baa n out. 
that these minerals can be 3 and men thus be such intimations cannot fail to give him a larger, clearer, | The first part of the lecture, which has been omitted, gives 
enabled to make the co untry, hill and dale, all hollow kad — view of the relative importance of the work in detail the Bd Paced ai l formula for the determination of 
in their searching and ailing: ‘of the hidden wealth. | of cultivation, and expand and enlighten his appreciation the dimensions, discharges, dc., of channels sion heen 
Why should he not be reminded at times of the - | of the labours of his brethren of the nation, who are not —— selves with certain velocities and discharges. The follow- 
dous scale upon which the globe is built; and, by way 33 on especial pursuit: by such a view e will be ing ng is one of the — roeee arrived at:—A channel should 
of reflection, of the comparative triviality of all his led to m, in like language to that of Job,— Surely | present as little resistanee ae Po 8 
efforts at cultivating, breeding, hay-making, and there . = vein for the silv ver, and a place ace for the gold | azeene possible ani be ie most anitable form of border poa 
manuring, considered with respect to the work he has where they fine it. Iron is taken out of the earth, and | may on these principles be proved geometrically. Next come 
to — as an immortal being. We —— that brass is molten out of the stone. Man searcheth out all the regular figures, semi-hezagon, semi-pentagon, and semi- 
ee is half 
even etion . s ae tis into consideration the 
12 they may appear fro from the business of farming, ought 3 5 = for the — out of it eometh bread ; and | stability of | the —.— To prevent es crumbling 
un j ; 
sp up as it were 
ture, render solid fo may contain more } hi overturnet' ins | nature of ihe clay, in geveral may be two horizontal to one 
— and re — ios hand upon — ems mee among the rocks | vertical. The e lay, bur should be one-half of the average 4 
y < pi © rocles; The size Rie depend on the quantity you can obtain, or whieh 
„again re pleasant t order of landseape— . + — seeth every precio us thing. bindeth the | you wish to take. A dam or weir is sometimes formed across 
— rich Lathians of — — the green hills and valleys floo verflowing ; — the ane’ that is hid po — 8 quantity into the channel, at the 
ral, southern, and eastern England. And w ae pias o — forth to light. » me hen proper a 
i din b 1 to regulate the influx of the stream. 
should not the farmer and his men be told how the at The sum of our remarks is that we wish to see a cones sup 1 —4 4 8 that N ical, — therefore the 
ys they are underdraining and grain cropping, were | more freedom of treat — — introduced into quantity, depends on the slope or rate of inclination, It is 
a wn their a — — we wood and communications published in farmers’ magazines — therefore for you to papi 2 at re ee 
where ne were where | papers. We throw out va hint, that such districts as — the fall you 8 the quantity. When the water 
red — sion and ——— ound sport for monarchs, we have alluded to might form the subject of useful and | has spread over the land to some distance (say 15 or 20 feet} 
yeomen, and peasantry; or from swamps and river- in, i escriptions ; and propose ourselves to take below the feeder, another chanvel is formed to convey it to 
eae ntry wi i 
d barr neral 
fins and blowing sand, to — — — wen with — , fanking the great river mouths, and spreading a ‘rater: when thus used four or five times 
vegetable food for men, and flocks, an . wide flats, in ee, ee present the dullest | beneficial effects, if it does not become positively injurious. 3 
go to the sea es Stand upon the g ite cliffs, 38 to the spectator. J. A. C. + — oe this is owing 2 — having ie wa = a = 
against whose cubic masonry the huge ocean-waves, yes means 
unbroken for hundreds — 2 — them selves : ground shou ste +S 5 “This 
in vain ; and, lashed i by t — LECTURE ON IRRIGATION, done tinuing a — down the river. If 
swerving Stone, fling re opens cee spray to the By J. G. B. MARSHALL, B. A., C. E. th stiff 2 wae ogee 26 
very brow of the beetling heights. The cultivator Br irrigation is meant the process o of sending a small aa 
) misis a seanty, and often storm-blasted produce | depth of water over a tract of ground for a short time. 
in the salt atmosphere of that wild eee 2 Inundation consists in letting on a large quantity to 
f chief panio gulls stagnate and deposit matter which acts in — 
3 breast the daneing surge, or “Bek their and fertilising the 3 cannot but 
r considered highly its 
different —— — the mere routine of his daily | effects on the banks of the ne Nile, alain, Rhine, &c. 
- Reflec —— spring = gers is, however, only where large masses of water can 
we and natin de possess his heart, as he without much trouble be allowed to flow over 
vas ature 
38 5 
or a short $ — ons i 
And when w — of such a source of manuri without even the expense | few days, alternating the g and drying, The warmer 
such a place, ought we not of carriage, when | it is in his power todo so. This will | the weather is prevent fermonta ee, — par sa 
t th ry power I acts by direct additions | maiar i g be turned off fter mowing. In 
es tig thoughts eat webe |0 the mop ara rear — be wal kn the summ tthe floodings must be very short—about24hours—but 
