DERBYSHIRE CAVES 299 
DERBYSHIRE CAVES. 
Eleventh Interim Report of Committee appointed to co-operate with a 
Committee of the Royal Anthropological Institute in the exploration of 
caves in the Derbyshire district (Mr. M. C. Burxirr, Chairman ; 
Dr. R. V. Fave.t, Secretary ; Mr. A. LESLIE ARMSTRONG, Prof. H. J. 
FLeurE, Miss D. A. E. Garrop, Dr. J. WILFRID JAcKsON, Prof. L. S. 
Pater, Mr. H. J. E. Peake). 
No new excavation work has been undertaken by the Committee during 
the current year, but the excavation of the Pin Hole Cave, Creswell Crags, 
has been steadily advanced by Mr. Leslie Armstrong, F.S.A., who reports 
as follows: 
* During the autumn of 1932 work was concentrated upon the depressions 
in the floor of the passage on the east side of the main chamber, referred 
to in the report for 1932. Removal of the breccia over the whole area of 
_ the passage and the trefoil-shaped terminal chamber revealed four large cavities 
in the rock floor, one of which coincided with the width of the passage and 
extended 7 ft. along it. ‘These were entirely filled with cave earth to a depth 
of 2 ft. 6 in. overlying sterile red sand. The cave earth was of Mousterian (1) 
age and yielded examples of the usual fauna, of which the most interesting 
specimens are the greater portion of the skull and lower jaw of a young 
mammoth with complete dentition, and two large fragments of the lower 
jaw of giant deer. Human occupation of the large cavity was demonstrated 
by a small but well-preserved hearth and the presence of a stone pounder, 
animal bones (split and charred), and crude artifacts of quartzite and crys- 
talline stalagmite. Similar tools were recovered from the smaller cavities 
at the rear of the chamber. The most important finds in this level were 
several worked bone tools, including a bone knife and two awls. The red 
sand which underlies the cave earth was removed to a depth of 2 ft. and 
carefully sieved but, with the exception of the uppermost layer, proved to 
be entirely sterile and to have been introduced by water—probably during 
the original formation of the cave. 
“Upon completion of the work in the east passage attention was turned 
to the large inner chamber of the cave, where operations had been suspended 
at the 12-ft. level in order to facilitate the excavation of the passage. This 
has now been completely excavated to the base—a total depth of 17 ft., of 
which the lowest 1 ft. 6 in. was entirely sterile and consisted of red sand, 
similar to that found in the passage cavities and previous sections of the 
main cave. 
-* The layer of fallen slabs which, throughout the cave, has so consistently 
marked the division between the Mousterian (1) and Mousterian (2) levels 
was found to be exceptionally thick and to include several massive slabs 
of tabular limestone. The underlying cave earth (Mousterian (1) in age) 
was also interspersed throughout by rocks and fragments of limestone, 
many of them of large size and entailing considerable labour in their removal, 
despite the disintegration which is common to all rocks and also to the cave 
walls at this level. 
~* The presence of so many rocks no doubt rendered this portion of the 
cave unsuitable for general occupation, and, in consequence, the remains 
recovered there in the Mousterian (1) zone have been less numerous than 
elsewhere in the cave. \'They include, however, a superb side scraper of 
flint and a number of quartzite fragments, split bones, etc. 
