TRAINING IN PSYCHOLOGY 309 
relation to motivation, intelligence, mental defect, testimony, and 
the technique of appraising and dealing with people. 
(v) The Services:—Officers in the Navy, Army, and Air Force require 
a training in general psychology, especially in its bearing on the 
selection and training of recruits, leadership, discipline, morale, 
and the mental disorders of warfare. Colonial administrators 
also require a training in general psychology and in the psychological 
problems raised by the government of native races. 
(vi) Industry and Commerce-—Those aiming at executive or adminis- 
trative posts in industry and commerce, or at salesmanship and 
advertising, need a training in general psychology and in the 
various branches of industrial and vocational psychology. 
(vii) Soctal Work.—Those professionally or unprofessionally engaged 
in social or welfare work require a training in general psychology. 
(viii) Other occupations—A training in general psychology, especially 
in its dynamic aspects, is desirable for economists, historians, 
anthropologists, literary critics, biologists, and everyone else who 
aims at describing or explaining the thought and behaviour of 
men or animals. A course on the special senses is also required 
in scientific work where accuracy of observation depends on the 
accuracy of the response of human sense-organs. And there may 
well be other occupations for which some training in psychology 
is necessary or desirable. 
Il. THE PLACE PsyCHOLOGY SHOULD OCCUPY IN THE CURRICULA FOR 
UNIVERSITY DEGREES IN ARTS, SCIENCE, MEDICINE, EDUCATION, 
EcoNOMICS AND OTHER SUBJECTS. 
1. The present position of psychology in the universities of Great Britain 
lacks uniformity. In some universities there is a Professor of Psychology, 
while in others there is not even a specially appointed lecturer. In some 
there is a full, self-contained honours course in psychology, while in others 
psychology, if it is taught at all, forms merely a subordinate part of a course 
in some other subject. Again, in some universities a course in psychology 
qualifies for degrees both in Arts and in Science, while in others it qualifies 
for only one of these degrees or for neither. "And these are not all the 
anomalies. 
2. Psychology should occupy such a place in university curricula as 
‘will exhibit its distinction from philosophy and its status as an independent, 
positive science. The fundamental concepts used in psychology do indeed 
stand in need of philosophical analysis, as do those used in any other branch 
of empirical science. Moreover, since psychology deals with the thought 
‘and behaviour of men, its connection with philosophy and the other 
humanities is much closer than that of other sciences, like physics or 
‘chemistry. And for these reasons it is entitled to a prominent place in 
the Faculty of Arts in each university. Still, its position as one of the 
established biological sciences requires that it shall also be taught in every 
‘Faculty of Science.’ Its special cultural value should not be allowed to 
prejudice its scientific status. An independent, positive science that is of 
special importance to Arts students is still an independent, positive science. 
3. (i) Arts and Science—There should be pass courses and honours 
courses qualifying for degrees both in Arts and in Science. 
(ii) Medicine —Courses in psychology should be compulsory for first 
degrees in medicine. 
