INLAND WATER SURVEY 361 
both the geographical conditions which affect the climate and the land 
surface conditions which determine the size and shape of catchment basins 
and the courses of streams and rivers. 
It remains for the engineer engaged upon the control of water ‘ for the 
use and convenience of man’ to give these sciences their practical applica- 
tion. It is for this purpose that he requires a quantitative survey, giving 
actual measurements of the volume of water available or to be discharged, 
as data for his schemes and designs. 
The scope of a water survey necessary to meet these requirements of civil 
engineers and others interested in water conservancy should include observa- 
tions and measurements and the preparation of continuous records in 
standard form, in connection with rainfall, surface storage and flow, and 
underground storage and flow—in conjunction, in each case, with the 
physical and geological characteristics of the area. The records from all 
sources should be collated, brought into harmony and made available. 
5. Existing organisations—The foundations of such a survey already 
exist, in part, in the work of well-established Government departments 
devoted to the special branches of science mentioned in the previous 
paragraph. 
The published maps of the Ordnance Survey (Ministry of Agriculture 
and Fisheries) are so well known and appreciated that any description here 
is unnecessary. 
The Geological Survey (Department of Scientific and Industrial Research) 
has made substantial contributions to our knowledge of underground 
water resources in its published maps and memoirs. The information thus 
collected is admittedly incomplete (see Memorandum E appended). 
The British Rainfall Organization (Air Ministry), described in Memo- 
randum C appended, having grown from small beginnings as a private 
enterprise until it was ultimately taken over by a Government department, 
provides the indispensable information as to rainfall on which engineers 
hitherto have had largely to depend for waterflow data. 
There is, however, no such existing department or central organisation 
to deal with direct hydrological measurements of the amount of water 
derived from rainfall. 
6. Water users—The following table is a summary of the principal 
users of water with the purposes for which direct measurements of water 
are required in connection with their operations and the nature of the 
measurements and records thus involved. 
Many of the bodies concerned, it is known, have measurements taken 
and recorded according to the needs of their particular interests and the 
special avocation of the engineer. In addition, certain scientific societies, 
including the Royal Geographical Society, and private undertakings, such 
as River Flow Records, have done much work on these lines. In some few 
cases, reports have been published (as the appended Bibliography indicates), 
but only a superficial knowledge of the subject can be gleaned from a study 
of these reports. 
It may be anticipated that many will in due course extend this work. 
The consumption of water per head of population for domestic purposes 
has a steady tendency to increase, due to improved standards of sanitation 
such as the laying on of piped water supplies into houses in rural areas, the 
substitution of water-closets for privies, and the provision of baths and hot- 
water supplies. Thus the growth of population and the requirements of 
industry continually increase the demand on water supply resources through- 
out the country. 
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