500 SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.—E. 
community is maintained in Scotland and Ireland. In the latter agriculture 
rises in the west even to 90 per cent. of the total workers. ‘The Dublin area 
differs from the remainder of the southern part of the island. 
‘ Craft ? (manufacture) is confined almost entirely to the north-east, the 
Dublin, Waterford and Cork areas. There is, however, one town, Clara, 
which in composition is strikingly like Buckfastleigh in Devon. 
In distribution the Personal Attendants class differs from that of the 
other island ; whereas in England and Wales the average in rural areas is 
about 14 per cent., in Ireland an average of only about 5 per cent. is noted. 
Attention is called to the correlation between occupations—in some cases 
the coefficient rises even to + 0-60, pointing to common governing factors, 
and it is hoped that as these governing factors are isolated, a more definite 
determination of governing conditions may be made. 
Tuesday, September 12. 
Dr. H. C. Darsy.—The geographical conceptions of a medieval bishop 
(10.0). 
The scholarship of the Middle Ages was far from being the narrow super- 
stition we are sometimes told it was, and fewer individuals demonstrate 
this better than Robert Grosseteste (c. 1175-1255). He stands a repre- 
sentative figure of the medieval renaissance of the twelfth and thirteenth 
centuries. Embodying Ancient Greek and Arabic learning, his writings 
are characterised by their appeal to reason as distinct from tradition, 
and by their critical faculty. In them is to be found the scientific geography 
of the time—discussion of the sphericity of the earth, the distribution 
of land and sea, causes of regional differences on the earth’s surface, 
meteorological problems, and the features of oceanic phenomena. ‘Though 
not free from theological preoccupation, the discussion of these topics by 
Grosseteste presents an intelligible view of contemporary geographical 
theory, in itself an intelligent achievement. 
Dr. L. DupLey Stamp and Mr. E. C. WILLaTTs.—Changes in the utilisation 
of land in the south-western part of the London Basin, 1840-1932 
(10.45). 
This paper represents an attempt to use one of the first sheets to be pub- 
lished by the Land Utilisation Survey of Britain (1-inch, England and 
Wales, No. 114, Windsor) as a starting-point for a detailed study of changes 
in land utilisation in the south-western part of the London Basin. From 
the MSS. records kindly made available by the Ministry of Agriculture.and 
Fisheries of tithe apportionment made under the Tithe Act of 1836 it 
has been possible to identify the individual fields and so to construct, for 
certain parishes, a land utilisation map for the period about 1840. The 
parishes especially considered in the paper are White Waltham, Berkshire 
(Chalk, Reading Beds and London Clay) ; Winkfield North (mainly London 
Clay, comparatively remote from the influence of London); the group 
formed by Egham, Wraysbury, Staines, Ashford and Stanwell (forming a 
strip from the Bagshot Beds, through London Clay to the Thames Gravel 
and alluvium) ; Ashtead and Headley (Chalk and Plateau Gravels of the 
North Downs and London Clay). 
Apart from housing development, there has been, contrary to common 
generalisation, remarkably little change in some areas—even an extension 
