SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.—H. 525 
The Nemadi, it is believed, represent the peoples who, as far back as can 
be ascertained, were the original Wangara—i.e. Hamite or Kushite nomads 
and hunters, ‘people of a place’ or, perhaps, ‘ cave.’ It was intermarriage 
between the Nemadi and the darker races round them which produced the 
negroid Wangara or Wakori who were the subjects of the early kings of 
Gana. 
The term Wangara continued to be applied to the Mandinka negroids 
after they invaded from the south the region called Aukar or Wagadu 
about A.D. 1200. 
The Nemadi, the Sereres, and possibly after A.D. 1200 Jula-speaking 
Mandinkas, represent the Wangara or Gangari stock which fused with nomad 
Fulbe Barbars in Hodh and Aukar about A.D. 900-1000, produced the so- 
called Tucolor or Takrur, commonly called Fulahs or Fulani, and Taurud 
by Sultan Muhammad Bello of Sokoto. 
The Sarakolle, on the other hand, are the descendants of mixed marriages 
between aliens of Jewish or, at least, Syrian origin, who towards the middle 
of the first millennium a.D., by peaceful penetration, developed the ‘ gold 
trade ’ with Bambuk from Morocco and Gana, and Sus. 
(2) The ‘Stone Circles’ of the Gambia and Sine in Senegal are described, 
and their probable connection with the mode of burial practised by the 
Sarakolle kings of Gana is shown—a mode of burial which must have been 
common to many Barbar or half-Barbar tribes extending across the Sudan 
to Bornu and Borku in the period A.D. 600-1000. 
In so far as burials are concerned, the interior of the circles presents the 
same features as those excavated at El Walaji near Timbuctu, at Katsina, 
and in Bornu. 
The question arises, why were these burial mounds surrounded with 
menhirs, and how is it that the stone-work of these menhirs is so good ? 
The answer to the first question is that the menhirs correspond to the 
stockade of a town or compound ; to the second, that the stone-work must 
have been due indirectly to guilds of Jewish and Syrian stone-masons who 
flourished at Sijilmessa in the eleventh century, as also at Kumbi, the Gana 
capital. 
The geographical distribution of the circles, as well as other considera- 
tions, show that they were erected at a period when the influence of Gana 
extended to the Gambia River, before the rise of the Malinki towards 
A.D. 1200, and thus that traditions enshrined in the fourteenth-century 
maps concerning the ‘ Nile of Gana’ should be interpreted as referring to 
the towns which created these stone circles, and the ‘ Gambia River’ as 
being the principal mouth of the ‘ Nile of Gana.’ 
Dr. J. H. Hutron, C.1.E.—Megalithic work in Assam (12.10). 
AFTERNOON. 
Mr. E. G. Bowen.—Hill forts and valleyward movements of population 
in Wales (2.15). 
A classification of the chief early earthworks of the Principality indicates 
the importance of the following types : the contour camp, the promontory 
fort, the rectangular earthwork and the motte-and-bailey castle. These 
groups cover a wide range in time, and a detailed examination of the earth- 
works of the county of Carmarthen shows that each has a distinct altitudinal 
province. The average altitude of the contour camps is about 600 ft., the 
promontory forts about 430 ft., the rectangular earthworks about 250 ft., 
