E.— GEOGRAPHY 115 



and oak-trees cover North Germany. Bronze tools are found in the 

 bogs in the oak stratum — showing that a higher culture has moved north 

 with the ice-retreat. Finally, at the dawn of history, conditions were 

 like those to-day. The beech is now the dominant tree on the Baltic — 

 and its advent was marked by the coming of Iron Age man. Here, then, 

 we have a dated set of zones and strata, and we can be sure that similar 

 movements of vegetation and man, northward and southward, accom- 

 panied every one of the Ice Ages throughout the Pleistocene. 



The general distribution of Races over the World, before the period 

 of modern marine migrations, is given in Fig. 7. I have devoted nearly 

 twenty years to this ' Migration-Zone ' theory of racial evolution and 

 classification, the main features of human ecology. I mention it here 

 primarily because it demonstrates that all the progressive nations of the 

 world are built up of the same three stocks, 'Alpine, Nordic and Mediter- 

 ranean.' When this thesis is accepted, then much of the evil structure 

 based on ' race-prejudice ' must fall to the ground. In my opinion, race 

 prejudice is but another name for ethnological ignorance. 



This is a very encouraging idea, for cultural differences of language, 

 education and religion can be entirely changed in a generation, whereas 

 a real racial barrier is much more difficult to overcome. Thus the world 

 must wait a long while for the negro problem (based on a real racial 

 difference) to be solved. But racial differences exactly like those separat- 

 ing Europeans, Japanese, Chinese, Indian, Polynesians and Amerinds 

 have all been smoothed away in Europe itself ; where (in my opinion) 

 their component stocks came into contact with each other long ago in 

 Neolithic times. 



D. Relations of Culture and Race. 



One of the main results of a knowledge of cultural geography is a much 

 clearer conception of the distinctions between race, nation, language and 

 religion than most educated people possess. It can be well illustrated, 

 as we shall see, by maps in connection with the spread of the Jewish 

 people. Moreover, this study clearly defines the danger resulting from 

 powerful political groups dabbling in sciences of which they are ignorant. 



We are surely all agreed that the term Aryan can only be applied to 

 speech ; and that Nordic indicates a ' breed ' and can only be applied 

 to race. But few folk realise that the term ' Jew ' should only be used in 

 connection with religion. It is much too common an experience to have 

 to argue with folk, however influential, who insist on talking of a ' Jewish 

 Race.' We need a new term to express a group linked by purely cultural 

 characters such as language or religion. For such groups I have been 

 extending the use of the word * cult.' For instance, in Canada, we have 

 in reality no ' French Race ' (since Frenchmen may belong to one of 

 three distinct races), but only a ' French cult ' linked by common language 

 and religion. So also we should learn to speak of a ' Jewish cult,' since 

 this large group is linked closely by religion and to a lesser degree by 

 language. The Jews, like the Germans, are of two different races. If 

 they come from Poland they belong to the Alpine race ; if from Spain 

 they are of Mediterranean race, like all the original Jews of Palestine. 



