1 88 SECTIONAL ADDRESSES 



earlier and by tradition as far back as the reign of Sargon of Agade. It 

 is faithfully reflected in the archasological record. 



Below the Hittite foundations on the acropolis at Alisar (but not on 

 the terrace) came a deposit with Cappadocian painted ware now termed 

 Early Bronze Age or Alisar C. Below that, five building layers, account- 

 ing for II m. of deposit, represent the Copper Age or Alisar B. This 

 must end by 2000 B.C. A beginning towards 3000 B.C. might be inferred 

 from an imported Mesopotamian cylinder of Jemdet Nasr style, stone 

 figurines like those regarded as Anatolian intruders in the Early Dynastic 

 layers of Gawra and Tel Asmer, and animal pendants of stone remark- 

 ably like those from the Early Dynastic temple of Sin at Khafaje. To 

 this same Copper Age belong the ruins and burials at Ahlatlibel near 

 Ankara. It was a period when commerce was sufficiently organised 

 for metal to be common and seals to be useful. 



But beneath the lowest Copper Age floors von der Osten's shaft 

 pierced 8-5 m. of debris, divisible into seven building levels, before 

 reaching virgin soil. The earliest Anatolian culture, represented by 

 Alisar A, is already so advanced that it is accurately termed Chalcolithic. 

 However sparingly used, copper, silver and lead were common enough to 

 indicate well-established commercial channels of distribution and special- 

 ised producers. Stamp-seals were already employed. But certain pot- 

 forms and fabrics are already comparable to the Central European ; two- 

 handled tankards, like those of the Hungarian Copper Age, occur in the 

 topmost layers only (Ali§ar A2) ; for the rest lugs take the place of handles, 

 but a distinctive shape is a high-pedestalled bowl, at first with a remarkably 

 Danubian profile. The fabric is self-coloured, black to red but generally 

 muddy and sometimes particoloured — black inside and round the rim, 

 but brownish below on the exterior. The Anatolian Chalcolithic seems 

 rooted in the fourth millennium B.C., but how far back remains quite 

 uncertain. 



Despite conspicuous divergences the Copper Age and Chalcolithic 

 cultures of Central Anatolia are patently related to, and continuous with, 

 those of north-western Anatolia, long known from Schliemann's excava- 

 tions at Troy. And there re-excavation under Blegen has substantially 

 enhanced the impression of the antiquity of Anatolian culture. If the 

 Americans have not yet provided unimpeachable data for determining the 

 absolute age of the earlier ' cities,' they have at least filled in and expanded 

 the scheme propounded by Schliemann and Dorpfeld. The Troy that 

 the Achaeans might have sacked about 1200 B.C., did Lord Raglan allow 

 us to believe in a Trojan War, was not VI but Vila. Troy VI goes 

 back on the strength of Helladic imports to 1500 B.C. Cities V, IV and III 

 turn out to be quite important settlements, divisible into several archi- 

 tectural levels and making up together a formidable accumulation 4 m. 

 deep. Troy II, thus separated from the Mycenaean horizon, can no longer 

 be brought down to the Shaft Grave epoch, however neat Aberg's typo- 

 logical comparisons may look. It is firmly anchored in the third millen- 

 nium whatever its precise limits may be. And Troy I below it wa§ 

 already a city girt by an imposing wall. Its citizens were executing 

 monumental sculptures that provide a new limiting date, on Montelius' 

 assumption, for the statue-menhirs of Atlantic Europe. And by this 



