H.— ANTHROPOLOGY 189 



time, as Miss Lamb has shown at the contemporary Lesbian township of 

 Thermi, copper and even bronze were already being worked, celts might 

 have hammered flanges, battle-axes were used in war, while trade brought 

 marble vases from the i^gean Islands. And remains of a still earlier 

 phase of culture may be discerned at Kum Tepe. Soundings there pro- 

 duced pedestalled bowls like those from the earliest Chalcolithic of Alisar 

 that seem still missing in Troy I and the contemporary Lesbian site. 



The experiments in Anatolia thus go far to re-enforce with objective 

 facts the antiquity and relatively high level of Oriental culture assumed 

 in axiom i. Moreover, taken in conjunction with Heurtley's excavations 

 in Macedonia, they concretely demonstrate connections between Asia 

 and Europe that are the precondition for admitting axiom 3 and provide 

 a crucial instance for testing axiom 5, i.e. for comparing demonstrably 

 contemporary cultures in Europe and Asia. Heurtley has convincingly 

 demonstrated the Anatolian ancestry of the Early Macedonian Bronze 

 Age culture ; it begins with fully developed horned tubular lugs growing 

 from the bowls' rims. The evolution of this odd type that appears fully 

 formed in Europe can be traced stratigraphically on the Asiatic side. It 

 emerges as a finished product first in phase B at Thermi ; its earlier stages 

 are illustrated in phase A. For once we have, fully documented, a cultural 

 spread which is irreversible ; in this concrete instance axiom 3 becomes 

 a conclusion from ascertained facts. 



But, implanted in Europe, Anatolian culture appears poorer than its 

 Asiatic parents. Even in phase A Thermi was quite a township, the con- 

 temporary Troy I a fenced city. Their economy was so far advanced that 

 copper and even bronze could be used for tools as well as weapons ; metal 

 was so plentiful that quite a lot was left lying about for Miss Lamb to find. 

 The Early Macedonian settlements which are not older than Troy I give 

 the impression of rustic villages. For all the metal collected among their 

 ruins, they might be neolithic. Macedonia was still veiled in mists which 

 the Oriental sun must pierce before an economic system comparable even 

 to the Anatolian could function. 



But if the Early Bronze Age culture of Macedonia is unambiguously 

 rooted in Asia, the later neolithic culture which it supersedes is no less 

 securely linked with that of Vinca and Tordos in the Middle Danube 

 basin beyond the Balkan ranges. Comparison of the Macedonian relics 

 with those from the Morava-Middle Danube-Maros sites shows that we 

 are dealing not with two cultures but with different facies of one and the 

 same culture. Common to both regions are stone adzes of shoe-last form, 

 bone combs, bracelets of Spondylus shell, clay figurines, clay altars, 

 carinated bowls and chalices on solid pedestals in dark-faced, parti- 

 coloured and red-slipped wares decorated by incision, fluting, stripe- 

 burnishing and painting in black or white on red sometimes with spiral 

 motives and embellished with lugs modelled as animal heads. A veritable 

 cultural continuum traversing the Balkans connects the ^Egean coasts 

 with the Danube basin. We may reasonably speak of a Vardar-Morava 

 culture extending from the coasts to the Maros. 



How such a continuum was constituted remains a question for debate 

 elsewhere. Its absolute antiquity in Macedonia cannot be defined with 

 precision owing to the difficulties of applying the Minoan-Helladic systems 



