196 SECTIONAL ADDRESSES 



herdsmen and small hamlets of self-sufficing peasants still equipped with 

 only stone weapons. 



(7) In the extreme north the sole source of livelihood is food gathering. 



Fifteen hundred years or so earlier the gradations would be similar but 

 the zones would have contracted. We should see : — • 



(i) In Egypt and Mesopotamia true cities whose walls may already 

 enclose nearly 2 sq. miles, relieved from immediate dependence on 

 environmental accidents by public works and organised commerce, 

 comprising a variety of artisans and officials including scribes. 



(2) Smaller cities in Syria less richly equipped and only partially 

 literate. 



(3) Copper Age townships in Anatolia and peninsular Greece with a 

 walled area of 2 to 4 acres and a population comprising specialised smiths 

 and some other craftsmen adequately provided by trade with metal and 

 other raw materials. 



(4) In Thessaly, Macedonia and the Morava-Maros region beyond 

 the Balkans neolithic villages are permanently occupied by experienced 

 farmers who are content to do without metal. 



(5) North of the Maros Koros herdsmen and Biikkian troglod3rtes are 

 grazing and tilling patches of loss and then moving on ; still further 

 north Danubian I hoe-cultivators are shifting their hamlets of twenty 

 odd huts every few years to fresh fields till they reach the confines of the 

 loss. 



(6) Beyond these on the North European plain are only scattered 

 bands of food-gatherers hunting, fowling and fishing and collecting nuts 

 or shell-fish. 



In each picture we see within a continuous area of interlocking cultures 

 gradations such as would be deduced from the diffusionist postulate. 

 But a comparison of the second picture with the first reveals just that 

 expansion of the zones aff'ected by the neolithic revolution that would be 

 anticipated were its effects being indeed diffused. The acceptance of 

 axiom 4, the rigorous application of his chronological method alone, 

 would virtually allow the graphic demonstration of Montelius' remaining 

 assumptions. 



SECTION I.— PHYSIOLOGY. 



Owing to the coincidence of the International Physiological Congress 

 (Zurich, August 14-19, 1938), no separate meetings were arranged for 

 this Section. 



