472 SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.— H. 



between themselves . It is unsatisfactory to class them all together and to use 

 western European cultural names (Clactonian, Levalloisian, etc.) to describe 

 them. Each regional flake-tool culture should be considered separately. 



Sir Arthur Keith, F.R.S. — Men of the Middle Paleeolithic. 



Europe. — Men of the Middle Stone Age in Europe are usually described 

 under the specific name Homo neanderthalensis , but as Neanderthal has 

 become widely used in a generic sense it makes for clarity if we speak of 

 those who lived in Spain, France, Belgium, Italy and south Germany as 

 Chapellians, as they are best represented by the man found at La Chapelle 

 aux Saints and described in 1910 by Marcelin Boule. Chapellians show a 

 considerable range in structural characterisation and there appear to have 

 been local races or varieties. In south and central Germany fossil remains 

 have been found near Weimar (Ehringsdorf) and in Wiirtemberg (Steinheim) 

 which belong to an earlier phase than Chapellians and, though Neanderthal 

 in type, are peculiar in several respects. They may be called Ehrings- 

 dorfians. The earliest and the most remarkable of those remains is the 

 skull of a woman, found at Steinheim in 1933, which bears resemblances to 

 mankind of modern type. At Krapina, in Croatia, yet another local 

 Neanderthal type has been found. Krapinians were of light build ; their 

 limb bones were moulded on slender lines ; they were not so big-brained 

 as some of the Chapellians and Ehringsdorfians. Not a single fossil bone of 

 the Neanderthal type has been found in England, though the type came as 

 near to us as Jersey. 



Palestine. — Though Palestinians of the Middle Stone Age are Neander- 

 thalian in many of their characters they have numerous features of modern 

 man. In many details of structure they resemble the earliest Caucasians 

 known to' us — men of the Cromagnon type. They were tall, robust and 

 big-headed. 



Java. — Eleven fragmentary skulls were found on a terrace of the Solo 

 river in 193 1 . Solo man was a low-browed type with superficial resemblances 

 to Neanderthal man, yet different in characterisation. The type seems 

 descended irovn. the earlier Pithecanthropus and there is evidence which leads 

 us to believe that Solo man represents a type ancestral to the aborigine of 

 Australia. 



Africa. — Much is known of Middle Stone Age man in Africa. Important 

 recent discoveries are (i) the Florisbad skull discovered in the Orange 

 Free State in 1934 by Dr. Dreyer. This skull, intermediate to the Rhodesia 

 specimen and the later Boskop type of South Africa, seems to represent a 

 type which is ancestral to Bushman and Hottentot. (2) The remains found 

 at Eyassi, East Africa, in 1935 by Kohl-Larsen. Eyassi man outwardly 

 resembles Solo man, but real affinities are likely to link him to Rhodesian 

 man. 



There is no support, so far as anatomical evidence goes, for those who seek 

 to explain resemblances of the stone culture of one continent to that of 

 another continent by postulating intercontinental migration. There may 

 have been diffiasion of knowledge, but there is no evidence of diffusion of 

 race. 



Dr. F. E. Zeuner. — The geological evidence (2.25). 



The results of investigations by various workers (D. M. A. Bate, A. C. 

 Blanc, H. Breuil, D. Garrod, H. Kelley, O. Schmidtgen, W. Soergel, F. E". 

 Zeuner) on sections in which the stratigraphical position of Mousterian 

 and Aurignacian can be studied in detail, are summarised. 



