482 SECTIONAL TRANSACTIONS.— H. 



knight was at the mercy of the foot-soldier. Although the horse was pro- 

 tected entirely with armour on head and body, his legs were uncovered, 

 and therefore a cut with knife or sword brought down man and horse. 



With the advent of firearms armour was made bullet-proof and became so 

 heavy that it was eventually discarded. 



The formation of the Standing Army brought new trials to officers and 

 men ; wide hats, full skirted coats, stocks, heavy boots, a multitude of 

 leather belts, pouches and powder horns, heavy muskets, bayonets, swords 

 and often hand grenades prevented rapid mobility. 



In the nineteenth century the great shako of the infantry, the busby of 

 the Guards, Hussars and Artillery, the slung pelisse of the Light Cavalry, 

 and the useless sabretache, all militated greatly against the efficiency of the 

 soldier. 



Though some attempt in practical equipment was introduced in India in 

 the middle of the nineteenth century, it was only in the Boer War that 

 convenient uniform, head-gear and weapons were adopted. 



We may therefore say that for nearly 700 years the efficiency of the fight- 

 ing man was seriously hampered by those responsible for his equipment. 



Afternoon. 



Dr. R. Broom, F.R.S. — The Pleistocene anthropoid apes of South 

 Africa. (Read by Prof. J. T. Wilson, F.R.S.) (2.0). 



The fossil anthropoid, nearly related to Australopithecus africanus (Dart), 

 and formerly described under the specific name A. transvaalensis, is now 

 placed in a distinct genus as Plesianthropus transvaalensis, largely on account 

 of differences from the Taungs ape in the form of the symphysial region of 

 the jaw. 



The author further records the discovery of the fossil skull of another 

 large anthropoid which he proposes to place in a new genus and species as 

 Paranthropus robustus, and refers to as the Kromdraai [pronounced Kromdry] 

 skull. 



The palate (practically complete) is relatively short and broad, and, owing 

 to the small size of the canines and incisors, its anterior part is narrowed 

 and the teeth are arranged more as in man than in any living anthropoid. 

 The upper dentary arcade is slightly horse-shoe-shaped : the premolars 

 have rounded crowns without any high well-developed cusps as in living 

 forms, and are thus rather like human premolars but about twice as large. 



The relation of the tympanic to the glenoid cavity resembles the hominid, 

 and not the typical anthropoid, condition. 



An estimate of the brain volume is given as 600 c.c. 



The skull is provisionally regarded as of Middle Pleistocene age and was 

 associated with remains of about a dozen mammals, all extinct except one, 

 the living porcupine. 



Symposium on Ritual (2.0). 



Mr. A. M. HocART. — Ritual and emotion. 



Ritual is associated by most students with emotion. This association does 

 not correspond to the facts. If we analyse these we see that ritual has got 

 a logical structure which is the result of working out a problem. Incidentally 

 the solution satisfies the emotions, but if emotion gets the upper hand it 

 destroys that structure. In extreme cases, in hysterical cults, the structure 



