TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 183 



are active and honest, working hard fur their livelihood, as they receive but very little 

 assistance from their Crimean brethren. 



In conclusion, Mr. Hogg added that since the accounts which some distinguished 

 travellers give of the fundamental difference in the religion of the Karaites from that 

 of the ordinary or Talmudist Jews vary, it is important for future travellers, who may 

 visit the Karaites, to determine what it is in reality. 



On the Application of Colonel James's Geometrical Projection of two-thirds 

 of the Sphere to the Construction of Charts of the Stars, fyc. 



Colonel James exhibited a map of the world on his projection, which is 10 ft. in 

 diameter, and smaller maps of the world, 2 ft. diameter, on which the lines of equal 

 magnetic declination were drawn, and their conveyance round both poles accurately 

 presented to the eye at one view. 



After explaining the nature of the projection, which supposes that the spectator is 

 looking into the concavity of two-thirds of a hollow sphere, from a point which would 

 be at the distance of half the radius above the perfect sphere, Colonel James exhibited 

 charts of the stars, pointing out how, from the very nature of the projection, which 

 supposes we are looking into a hollow sphere, it is peculiarly suited for such celestial 

 charts, and also that from the circumstance of its embracing two-thirds of the whole 

 sphere instead of one-sixth, as in the celestial charts on the gnomonic projection, which 

 are in general use and cannot be put together, we have presented to us the whole vault 

 of the heavens at one view, with the circumpolar stars, and every other star to the 

 opposite pole in true relation to each other. 



On one of the charts of the stars the " milky way " is exhibited in a manner in 

 which it was never before represented, viz. as a perfect circular band. 



The maps, with the magnetic lines and the charts of the stars, are in course of en- 

 graving for publication. 



On the Roman Camp at Ardoch, and the Militanj Works near it. By Colonel 

 Henry James, B.E., F.R.S. fyc, Director of the Ordnance Survey. 



The object of this communication was to point out what the author conceives to 

 have been a singular oversight in the writers who have given us descriptions of the 

 Camps and Fort at Ardoch— the " Lindum " of the Romans. 



Gordon, in his « Itinerary,' 1726, says, "This fort of Ardoch I recommend to the 

 public as the most entire and best preserved of any Roman antiquity of that kind in 

 Britain, bavin? no less than five rows of ditches and six ramparts." And again he 

 says, " To the north of the fort of Ardoch are to be seen the vestiges of a vast large 

 ditch upon the moor, with two or three small projections of earth at regular distances, 

 as if they had been made for the outscouts to the foresaid fort." 



General Roy, in his 'Military Antiquities,' 1793, gives us a very accurate plan of 

 the fort, and also of the camps on the north of it, to which Gordon refers. An enlarged 

 copy of this plan was exhibited in the Section-room. 



Stuart, in his 'Caledonia Romana,' 1845, says, "There is something singular in 

 the arrangement or form of the ramparts at Ardoch station ; they did not compose a 

 series of valla, rising in regular successive courses round the larger internal wall, as 

 we find was generally the case elsewhere ; but they appear to have been in some places 

 arranged in a very unusual manner." 



Chalmers, in his 'Caledonia,' places the site of the great battle "ad montem 

 Grampium," between the Romans under Agricola and the Caledonians under Gal- 

 gacus, on the rising ground to the north of the great camp, and thinks this is the 

 identical camp which the Romans occupied, and from which they advanced to attack 

 the Caledonians. 



In describing the camps to the north of the fort, General Roy considers them to 

 be two marching camps of the Romans, the one capable of holding three legions, or 

 an army of 28,800 men ; the other as capable of holding upwards of 12,000 men. 

 On his plan he has represented the Procestrium of the fort, which is a large space of 

 ground enclosed by a rampart for the allies, and connected with the fort, and so 

 arranged that the works of the fort itself command it and could defend it. 



