24 E. C. ANDREWS 



forms in Norway, Switzerland, and England came under my notice, 

 and, with minor modifications only (as will be seen in this note), 

 appeared competent to explain the New Zealand forms. Later, 

 Dr. G. K. Gilbert and Willard D. Johnson, of the United State Geo- 

 logical Survey, kindly forwarded copies to me of their notes on 

 cirques and allied phenomena in northwestern America. 



After the publication of the Dunedin note, the importance of the 

 ice-flood hypothesis as explaining the peculiar "sound" shapes and 

 the present inactivity of glaciers forced itself upon me. The present 

 note is the result. 



I desire here to mention the great help derived from a perusal of 

 some of the glacial reports written by Professors T. C. Chamberlin, 

 R. D. Salisbury, W. M. Davis, T. W. E. David, and James Geikie, 

 Dr. G. K. Gilbert, Professor J. W. Gregory, Sir James Hector, Pro- 

 fessor F. W. Hutton, Von Haast, Willard D. Johnson, Dr. Lendenfeld, 

 F. C. Matthes, and Professor I. C. Russell. To a great deal of the 

 literature no access has been obtainable.' 



THESIS 



The Great Ice Age marked a flood in glacial action, while the 

 present warm conditions obtaining in these areas of former intense 

 ice-action marks a glacial drought. 



The sounds, lakes, and canyons of southwestern New Zealand 

 were determined, for the greater part, by preglacial streams whose 

 channels had attained to the graded stage. 



During the height of the ice-flood the glaciers gouged out deep 

 basins much below the baselevel at points near the convergence of 

 profound canyons. Here also they ripped off spurs, aligned and even 

 undermined the walls, thus producing double canyon-cliff slopes. 



At other points, such as "broads" and other quiet spots in the 

 preglacial canyons, the ice-scouring was not pronounced. Also at 

 all points away from the central channels aggradation and minor 

 scouring would be noticeable. 



Recession of the ice-flood brought about obliteration of former 

 deep groovings in the rock basins and canyon walls, aggradation was 

 almost suspended in the later drought stages, and overriding of old 



I Since writing the above, I have received a glacial note supplied to the Journa 

 of Geology for 1905, by Professor Albrecht Penck. 



