I04 /. G. ANDERSSON 



of the combination of solifiuction and river-action will be, not the 

 formation of stone-rivers, but — if the time of their action has been 

 long enough — -the leveling of the land to peneplain, 



REGIONAL EXTENSION OF THE SOLIFLUCTION 



From Bear Island in the arctic and from the Falkland Islands 

 in the subantarctic regions I have described in the previous pages 

 two occurrences of solifiuction- — one recent, the other fossil — where 

 in both cases the phenomenon is developed in rather exceptional 

 dimensions. But, if often only in a moderate scale, this mode of 

 waste transport works in many parts of the world. In the geologi- 

 cal, geographical, and botanical literature there are to be found 

 many notes on mud-streams and flowing slopes, illustrating the 

 process here in question. In the following pages I have collected, 

 partly with the assistance of helpful friends, some descriptions of 

 of soil- flowing, but the list of them is given without any pretentions 

 to completeness. Surely many a valuable note on processes- of 

 this kind has escaped me, and I hope that colleagues in different 

 lands, after having read this article, will kindly call my attention 

 to observations still unknown to me. 



South Georgia. — This subantarctic island is a ridge of folded 

 land, deeply indented by transverse fiords between which the moun- 

 tains rise steeply to 1,000-2,000 meters. Small glacier caps of 

 varied type occupy a large part of the mountains, and in many 

 of the valleys splendid glacier streams extend into the fiords. But 

 the narrow lowland strips and much of the mountain slopes were 

 free from ice-covering, and here frost-weathering, solifluction, 

 and running water are the chief agents of destruction. Slowly 

 moving slopes and small mud-streams were frequently seen, and 

 the forms of the detrital masses offered many a striking parallel 

 to my earlier experiences on Bear Island. 



Graham Land. — The ice-covering of the antarctic lands is all 

 too complete to leave any place for solifluction on a large scale; 

 but on the very Hmited areas where the land was exposed we could 

 trace almost everywhere this mode of transport working in the 

 summer. On the plateau above the winter station on Snow Hill, 

 Nordenskjold kindly pointed out to me a locahty where the land 



