CONDITIONS OF FOSSILIZATION 289 



TABLE II 



Minerals Replacing Minerals Secreted by Invertebrates ^ 



Carbonates, Anhydrous: Calcite (CaCOa), Cerussite (PbCOa), Mag- 

 nesite (MgCOj), Siderite (FeCO,), Smithsonite (ZnCOa). 



Carbonates, Basic Hydrous: Malachite (CuC03.Cu(OH)2). 



Chlorides, Anhydrous: Cerargyrite (AgCl). 



Fluorides, Anhydrous: Fluorite (CaFa). 



Metals: Copper (Cu), Silver (Ag). 



Non-metals: Sulphur (S). 



Oxides, Anhydrous: Cassiterite (SnOa). 



Oxides, Hydrous: Limonite (2Fe203.3H20), Psilomelane (H4MnOs (?). 



Oxides, Sesqui: Hematite (FezOa). 



Phosphates, Anhydrous: Apatite ((CaF)Ca4P30i2). 



Phosphates, Hydrous; Vivianite (FcaPaOs). 



Sulphates, Anhydrous: Barite (BaS04), Celestite (SrS04), Anglesite (PbS04). 



Sulphates, Hydrous: Gypsum (CaS04.2H20). 



Sulphides, Di: Pyrite (FeSz), Marcasite (FeSa). 



Sulphides, Mono: Sphalerite (ZnS), Galena (PbS), Chalcocite (CujS), Cin- 

 nabar (HgS). 



Silicates, Hydrous: Kaolinite (H4Al2Si204), Giimbelite (SiO2.Al2O3.Fe2- 

 O3.MgO.K2O.Na2O.H2O), Glauconite (Hydrous silicate of Fe and 

 K), Mafgarite (H2CaCl4Si20i2). 



Silicates, Sub: Calamine (H2Zn2SiOs). 



Silicon, Oxides of: Flint (SiOa), Silica (Sioa), Sand (Si02). 



references table II 



Bernhard, Elements de PaUontologie, 1895. 



Geikie, Text-Book of Geology, 3d ed., 1893. 



Gratacap, American Naturalist, Vol. XXXI, No 363. 



Nicholson and Lydekker, Manual of Paleontology, 3d ed., Vol. I, 1889. 



Reis, "Ueber Petrifikation der Muskel," Archiv jilr mikroskopische Anatomic, 



Vol. XLI. 

 Trabucco, La Petrificazione, 1887. 

 Von Zittel, Handbuch der Paldontologie. 



White, Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey, Vol. I, No. I, Art. 8, 1879. 

 Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of 



the Territories, Vol. V, 1880. 



I The writer is indebted to the late Professor Beecher for valuable material from 

 his private collection; to Rt. Rev. Joseph C. Hartzell, Bishop of Africa, for material 

 from that continent; to Rev. Morton Culver Hartzell, for material from Germany; 

 and to Major Ebenezer Thresher, for material from France. 



