PALEOZOIC ICE-AGES OF SOUTH AFRICA 685 



subjected to, the vast extent of the volcanic rocks injected through 



them, the number of successive periods of vulcanism and the greatness 



of the unconformities between the several members of the Pal-Afric 



series, and between it and the Neo-Afric series, all tend to estabhsh 



a great age for the Pal-Afric rocks. Leaving out the Barberton and 



Witwatersrand beds, which do not concern us here, the later beds 



may be classified as follows : 



Matsap or Waterberg Series 



Ongeluk Volcanic Series 



Griquatown or Pretoria Series (with glacial beds). 



Campbell Rand Series 



Black Reef Series 



Pneil Volcanic Series 



Possibly there is a second quartzite series, the Keis series, below these. 

 The Pal-Afric rocks end on a line running roughly northeast- 

 southwest, south of which they are covered by the Neo-Afric beds. 

 On the northeast and southwest, however, the older rocks bend round 

 to embrace the younger ones round the rim of a basin-shaped depres- 

 sion, and they were probably at one time continued right round the 

 southern limit of the Neo-Afric beds as well. We can, indeed, find 

 some evidence for two lines of older elevation, both of them running 

 northeast-southwest, the more northern of the two following the 

 northern rim of the Karroo, and the more southern one continuing 

 the Madagascar ridge southward along the margin of our coasts. At 

 first there was a sinking where the southern shores of South Africa 

 now lie, and in the comparatively narrow strait thus formed the coarse- 

 grained, intensely false-bedded table mountain sandstone was 

 deposited.- A deepening of the basin allowed the settlement of the 

 Bokkeveld beds with their Lower Devonian fossils. Then came the 

 Witteberg quartzites, with Lower Carboniferous plants, the Dwyka, 

 Ecca, Beaufort, and Stormberg beds. We may tabulate the Neo-Afric 

 beds thus: 



DRAKENSBERG LAVAS 



Stormberg Series Rhaetic 



Beaufort Series Triassic 



Ecca Series Permo -Triassic 



Dwyka. Series (with glacial beds) . . Carbo -Permian 



Witteberg Series Lower Carboniferous 



Bokkeveld Series Lower Devonian 



Table Mountain Series (with glacial beds) . . ? . 



