23 



the more important deviations vvliicb occur in the disposition and 

 development of the different bones of the face in connexion with the 

 same influential condition of the organs of mastication ; and then 

 continues his description of the skeleton of the Chimpanzee by pass- 

 ing to that of the trunk. 



The number of the verlehrce is the same as in Man ; but an addi- 

 tional rib subtracts one from the lumbar to be added to the dorsal 

 series. The spines of the cervical vertebrce are simple and elon- 

 gated; that of the third being the shortest, with the exception of 

 the atlas, which, as usual, is without spine. The bodies of the lum- 

 bar vertebrcE are proportionally smaller than in Man ; a difference 

 easily accounted for by the necessity of affording a basis for the 

 support of the latter in the erect position ; and the same recession 

 from the Bimanous type is manifested in the narrow and elongated 

 form of the sacrum. In the adult animal, but less conspicuously in 

 the young, the iliac bones rise on either side of the last lumbar ver- 

 tebra, and are partially attached to it. The coccygeal are anchy- 

 losed together, but not with the sacrum', three are distinctly visible 

 in the young. Of the sacral vertebrce only the two superior are 

 united to the iliac bones. The pelvis diflfers from that of Man in all 

 those particulars which characterize the Quadrumana, and which re- 

 late to the imperfection of their means of maintaining the erect posi- 

 tion. The iliac bones are long, flat, and narrow, the anterior sur- 

 face stretching outwards almost parallel with the plane of the sacrum; 

 the aperture is elongated and narrow ; and the tuberosities of the 

 ischia are broad, thick, and curved outwards. There is, however, 

 a provision for a more extended attachment of the glutcei muscles in 

 a greater breadth of the ilia between the superior spinous processes 

 than is observed in the inferior Simice; and we may thence infer 

 that the semi-erect position is more easily maintained in the Chim- 

 panzee. 



In the relative size and strength of the lower extremities, the Chim- 

 panzee claims a much closer relationship to the human subject than 

 the Orang. Both animals exhibit in this respect permanent condi- 

 tions that are transitory in Man : in the Orang the legs have the cur- 

 tailed proportions which they present in the human foetus of four 

 months' gestation ; in the Chimpanzee they retain the relative size of 

 the yearling infant. The femur, not more bent anteriorly than in 

 Man, has its neck of equal comparative length, but standing out 

 more obliquely from the shaft. In the adult, as well as in the young 

 Chimpanzee, the depression in the head of the femur for the attach- 

 ment of the ligamentum teres, which is wanting in the Orang and 

 the Pongo, is found to exist, notwithstanding the remark of Meckel 

 to the contrary. The tibia znA fibula are proportionally thicker and 

 stronger than in iJ/aw; and \he 'patella proportionally smaller. In 

 their relative size and position the tarsal bones more closely resemble 

 the corresponding bones of the human subject than those of any other 

 Quadrumanous animal. The outer articulating surface of the astra- 

 galus is, however, of larger size, and a corresponding disproportion 

 exists between the external and internal malleolus, tlic latter, from 



