u 



nlovenlents on the parL of the lai va ; these movements are continued 

 until the larval skin is worked down to the tail, the head being free 

 at an early stage of the operation ; the tip of the tail is then curved 

 round beyond the shrivelled skin and fixed into the pad of silk, 

 which the larva was holding with its anal claspers. EfiForts are then 

 made by the pupa to get rid of the larval skin, and these are gene- 

 rally successful ; but very often the skin remains in place. These 

 efforts, however, may only be intended to fix the pupa more firmly, 

 as they are continued after the skin has been dislodged. Only two 

 larvje spun up on the clover stems, nearly all fixed to the top of the 

 net cover, as near as possible to the light. The pupa is angled, 

 the wing-cases projecting in front in a strong curve. The colour is 

 pale green, of much the same tint as the clover stems, the beak-like 

 projection of the head being shaded with dark green. There is a 

 yellowish white stripe just above the spiracles, continued more faintly 

 along the inner margin of the wing-cases. There is also a bright 

 brown stripe parallel to the whitish stripe on each side of the ventral 

 surface of the body, starting from the edge of the wing-cases and 

 disappearing before reaching the tail. There is a small black dot in 

 the centre of the wing-cases, exactly corresponding with that on the 

 fore-wings of the imago, and a row of six black dots along the hind 

 margins of the wing-cases. The duration of the pupal state varies 

 greatly according to temperature. The colouring of the fore-wings 

 becomes gradually visible beneath the pupa-case as the time of 

 emergence approaches, until every mark can be plainly seen. The 

 segments of the body are extended to their utmost just before the 

 insect emerges. The first pupa turned black and died. 



The first two specimens (both males) which pupated on the 15th 

 September emerged on September 27th, twelve days after pupation. 

 The last (a female) emerged October 30th, the pupa having been 

 kept in a warm room during the last fourteen days. The time 

 between the laying of the first ovum and the emergence of the first 

 imago was forty-four days, or thirty-nine from the emergence of the 

 larva. Had the first pupa lived this would probably have been 

 reduced by three days. The imagines began to emerge at about 

 7 a.m., and the bulk emerged between this time and 4 p.m. ; a few 

 ho\vever emerged later than this, and during the very hot weather at 

 the end of September a few emerged after dark, one as late as 

 10.15 P-™- o" September 29th, there being no artificial light in the 

 room at the time. One specimen among the latest was induced to 

 emerge after dark by placing its cage close to a lighted lamp ; 

 and another, the pupa-case of which had been cracked for some 

 days and which was supposed to be dead, on being removed from 

 its fastenings and the pupa-case still more broken, succeeded in 

 freeing itself from the shell, and afterwards developed its wings quite 

 perfectly. The number of larva; which pupated was 146. Of these 

 T31 emerged and developed quite perfectly ; 5 turned black and 

 diedj 3 died when just ready to emerge, probably through cold; 



