lxxiv REPORT—1858. 
principle*, and greatly advanced +, especially, and in a highly interesting 
manner, in Von Siebold’s late treatise, entitled “ Wahre Parthenogenesis bei 
Schmetterlingen und Bienen,” in which the virgin-production of the male or 
drone-bee is demonstrated. i 
Von Siebold, having subjected to the closest microscopic scrutiny and 
experiment the conclusion to which the practical Bee-master Dzierson had 
arrived, relative to the cause of Queen-bees with crippled wings producing 
a swarm exclusively of drones, has demonstrated that the male-bee is pro- 
duced from an egg which has been subjected to no influence save that of the 
maternal parent ; whilst such egg, if impregnated, would have produced a 
female or worker-bee. 
Von Siebold has established the same most interesting phase of partheno- 
genesis in certain Lepidoptera, e.g. Solenobia lichenella, S. clathrella, Psyche 
helix ; and he calls this phase emphatically ‘ true parthenogenesis.’ 
Bonnet’s famous experiments on the parthenogenetic Aphides have been 
repeated and confirmed by myself{ and others. Hartig§ has shown the 
same property in the genera Cynips and Apophyllus, which explains the fact 
of the appearance of Cynips lignicola in vast numbers in the south-west of 
England during the present and preceding summers, but all of the female sex. 
The little crustaceans of the genus Daphne have long been known to produce 
agamic eggs. A newly-hatched female isolated in a tumbler will produce a 
brood of the same sex, whence a second brood will issue, to perhaps the sixth 
generation. Mr. John Lubbock, in an admirable paper in the ‘ Philosophical 
Transactions’ for 1857, has repeated the experiments of Jurine, and added 
many valuable facts. He has pointed out the precise relations between the 
agamic and ephippial eggs. The young from any one brood of agamic eggs 
are all of one sex, which usually is female: but in one instance Mr. Lubbock 
observed that they were all males. His memoir will well repay a careful study. 
Thad previously stated the grounds for concluding that there was no essential 
distinction between buds and eggs, and for anticipating that every gradation 
would be found between them: and many steps in that series have been since 
supplied by Lubbock, Leidy, and Von Siebold. ' 
Gertner has given an abridged account of experiments, showing that 
* Owen, “ On Parthenogenesis, or the Successive Production of Procreating Individuals 
from a single Ovum,” 8vo. London, 1849. 
Jb. “On Metamorphosis and Metagenesis,” 8yo. 1857. 
Prosch (V), “ Om Parthenogenesis og Generationsvexel,” Kidbenhayn, 1851. 
tT Lubbock (J.), “An Account of Two Methods of Reproduction in Daphnia,” &c., Phil. 
Trans. 1857, p. 79. 
Carus (J. Victor), “ Zur niheren Kenntniss des Generationswechsels,” 8vo. Leipzig, 1849. 
Leuckart (K.), “Ueber Metamorphose ungeschlechtliche Vermehrung, Generations- 
wechsel,”’ Zeitschrift fiir Wissensch. Zoologie, vol. iii, 1851. 
Gegenbaur (U.), “ Zur Lehre vom Generationswechsel und der Fortpflanzung bei Medusen 
und Polypen,” 8vo. Wiirzburg, 1854, 
i Parthenogenesis. § Germar’s Zeitschrift, vol. ii. p. 178. 
