104 REPORT—1858. 
miles from the open sea of St. Andrew’s Bay, more than five from the highest influence 
of the tide in the estuary of the Eden; and the clay hills rise from 120 to 150 feet above 
the medium tide-level of the German Ocean. There are several well-marked ancient 
sea-margins in the valley of the Eden, whose estuary, now only about three miles 
long, and less than a mile in breadth, must have extended fully twenty-five miles 
inland, and ranged from two to five miles in width. The most marked of these old 
sea-levels are at 20, 40, 60, 90, 150, and 200 feet above the present sea—the lowest 
yielding shells, &c. wholly of the existing shores, though overlying a well-marked 
submerged forest of pine, oak, birch, hazel, alder, and other British trees; the second 
containing bones of the whale, and several shells of boreal species; the third and 
fourth rarely containing remains, and the fourth bones of whales and the skeleton 
now in question. The clay in which the skeleton was imbedded is a bright red plastic 
clay, evidently derived from the waste of the Old Red Sandstone of Upper Stratheden, 
when the waves washed the bases of the present hills, and the streams brought down 
from the Lower Ochils the débris of the same formation. It contains no boulders or 
pebbles, and appears to have been a tranquil deposit in water of considerabie depth 
and removed from the influence of drift, either vegetable or animal, from the adjacent 
shores. It rests on the true boulder clay, which is there a dark blue tenacious mass 
of great thickness, and replete with boulders of granite, syenite, greenstone, gneiss, 
quartz, and other primary formations. The descending section shows—arable soil 
and sandy clay 3 feet; laminated sand 1 foot; from 15 to 20 feet of red plastic clay, 
in which the skeleton was imbedded at a depth of 12 feet—the whole being under- 
laid by blue boulder clay of unknown depth. From the position of the red clay, 
and the disposition of the associated gravel mounds, it is evident that it is younger 
than the boulder bed on which it rests, and that it is as old at least as the 150-feet 
beach, and greatly older than the silts and gravels which in the Forth, Clyde, and 
Tay have yielded remains of whales, antlers of gigantic red deer, skulls of the Bos 
longifrons, wolf, bear, and beaver, and shells, many of which are of boreal species. 
How much younger than the boulder clay we have no direct means of determining, 
though evidently much older than the human occupation of Britain, which must have 
then been sunk toa depth of from 150 to 200 feet below its present level. As regards 
the skeleton itself (which is that of a young animal, and in a wonderful state of pre- 
servation), it seems to be a pretty widely divergent variety of the common seal 
(Phoca vitulina), if not a distinct species ; a point, however, that yet awaits the precise 
determinations of the comparative anatomist. If the same as the existing seal, then 
it invests that creature with a high degree of antiquity; if of a different species 
(boreal or more southerly), then it shows the high age of these brick-clays, and may 
assist to identify their position in other localities. 
Farther Contributions to the Paleontology of the Tilestones or Silurio- 
Devonian Strata of Scotland. By D. Pacer, F.G.S. 
Without entering on the stratigraphical relations of these tilestones (which would 
be discussed at a subsequent meeting), he might simply mention, that part of them, as 
in Lanarkshire, seemed to cap and form portion of the Upper Silurians, while the 
larger portion, the Forfarshire flagstones, undoubtedly constituted the basis of the Old 
Red Sandstone; hence, with a view to avoid all discussion in the mean time, he had 
ranked the whole as “ Silurio-Devonian,” or ‘“ Pterygotan Beds.” Beginning with 
the Lanarkshire beds, he had, since the Glasgow meeting, been enabled to add several 
new forms to the fossil Fauna of that district, for as yet no trace of vegetation had 
been detected in these strata. In addition to 7rochus helicites and Lingula cornea, 
which were then known, he had now to add Pterinea, Orthonota, Nucula, Avicula, 
Orthoceras, and other well-marked Ludlow or Upper Silurian shells. To the Crusta- 
ceans then known, viz. Beyrichia, Ceratiocaris, and Himanthopterus, he had now to 
add several discoveries which rendered the structure of these curious crustaceans more 
apparent, besides the detection of two entirely new forms, which he would venture to 
term provisionally Stylonurus spinipes and S. clavipes, in allusion to their pointed style- 
shaped caudal termination, and to the characteristic form of their swimming paddles, 
or third pair of organs which spring from the under side of their cephalo-thorax. 
Turning to the Forfarshire beds, which in 1855 were known to yield little more than 
