a 
TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 113 
found higher than this level in the immediate neighbourhood of Leeds. Prolongation 
of the warp may be traced up all the little tributaries of the Aire in this district as 
high as to the level of 150 feet, or thereabouts. 
The characters of the warp deposit are very variable. It sometimes approaches 
to a tolerably pure blue or yellow clay, but generally it is much more earthy and 
dirty-looking than the clays before described. In many localities it is very sandy, 
and indeed passes into sand and gravel, more especially in the central parts of the 
valley. It contains stones of very variable character, some angular and suban- 
gular, derived from no great distance ; others rounded, polished, and far-travelled. It 
contains much vegetable matter, as roots and fibres. Drifted wood, chiefly oak, is 
found in great abundance in it; also the fir, the hazel, and abundance of leaves 
and nuts. In the vestibule of the Leeds Museum is the trunk of a riven oak tree, 
split as if by lightning. This portion of tree was found in the warp at New Wortley, 
and bears evidence of the violence to which it had been subjected. The remaining 
portion of the tree was not to be found in the neighbourhood. 
In its composition, the warp appears to exhibit an irregular commixture of dis- 
placed blue and yellow clays, with their peculiar rocky contents, and also of a surface 
earth and its abundant vegetation. 
If I may be allowed to speculate upon the cause of displacement and rearrange- 
ment of these materials, I should attribute them to a gigantic land-flood, similar to 
what we now occasionally witness, but more intense and more prolonged. By such a 
flood, it may be presumed that the river was raised from its ordinary sea-level of 60 
- feet to an elevation of 150 feet, displacing extensively within its range, the blue and 
yellow clays, and surface earth, and vegetation ; bringing down from the upper parts 
of the Valley of the Aire, abundance of sand and gravel, commingling and rear- 
ranging these varied materials, forming a flattish valley surface shelving off at the 
sides about the level of 150 feet, overlying the blue and the yellow clay where they 
exist within its range, and overlying the coal-measures where they have been denuded 
of the clays. 
In this deposit were found the remains of Hippopotamus major, an elephant, a 
gigantic ox, and a smaller ox, and other animals probably identical with existing 
species. 
Pithe inferences which I draw from the facts now recorded are,— 
Ist. That the blue clay, overlying the outbreak of the coal formation, containing 
far-travelled stones, and occurring at various elevations as high as 600 feet, is the 
Glacial Drift of submergence. 
2nd. That the yellow clay, overlying the blue, occurring at the same elevations, 
containing travelled, but not far-travelled stones, is the Glacial Drift of emergence, 
occurring under a gentler current than the former. 
3rd, That the warp, overlying the blue and yellow clay when they co-exist, and 
resting on the coal-measures when they are denuded of the clays, not ranging higher 
than the sea-level of 150 feet, containing the bones of extinct mammalia, is a newer 
deposit than the glacial drifts. 
4th. That the Hippopotamus major and an elephant existed in these lands subse- 
_ quently to the Glacial Age, 
On the Fens and Submarine Forests of Lincolnshire and other Localities. 
By the Rev. Enwarp TRrottore. 
The author observed, that a great contest between the sea and land, leading to 
frequent changes in their respective boundaries, had certainly been raging upon the 
Lincolnshire coast for centuries before the arrival of the Romans in Britain, and 
-that period when written records began to be kept. ‘The ocean had from time to 
_ time swept far beyond its natural limits, and yet little by little it had, by its very 
fury, aided to form a future barrier agaiast itself by the accumulation of the silt left 
upon its retreat, in concert with the earthy deposits caused by the continual flow of 
the inland waters. At one time the sea had lorded it over a considerable portion of 
the Lincolnshire coast, but afterwards fresh water became in the ascendant, and had 
left the mark of its reign behind it in the form of soapy blue clay, varying in tint, and 
abounding in fresh-water shells. The ocean, however, occasionally gave battle to 
1858. 
