134 f REPORT—1858. 
PuHysioLoey. 
On some Observations connected with the Anatomy and Functions of the third, 
sixth, and seventh pairs of Nerves and the Medulla oblongata. By Dr. 
ACHILLE FouLLe. 
On the Sensational, Emotional, Intellectual, and Instinctive Capacities of the 
Lower Animals compared with those of Man. By Ricuarp Fow Ler; 
M.D.; of Salisbury. 
The author submitted that the Deity had formed all animals, both mentally and 
corporeally, on one type. All had like sensations. All vertebrated animals had like 
conceptions of persons and of places; the constituents of memory, like the re-trans- 
missions from conceptions to adjusting muscles of the functions of actions, as might 
be observed by the barking of dogs and their efforts to run in their sleep. They had 
like memory of persons and things ; like powers of comparing those with their con- 
ceptions after long absence; and like volition for the gratification of their appetites. 
But they had not, as man had, such perception of objects and theit relations as en- 
abled them to form new combinations, and thus to be the source, by a sort of crea- 
tive power, of new ideas. There was no instance of a physical force having been 
used instrumentally by any of the lower animals. No monkeys, however ofteii they 
might have seen a fire lighted and been comforted by its warmth, had ever been 
known to light a fire. They appeared to have like conceptions of objects, but not of 
their qualities or relations to each other. The instinctive functions seemed to be 
actuated by the forces of mind and vitality, by appropriate and limited structures, 
with adjustible muscles analogous to the different organs of sense ; and this instinct- 
ive apparatus, with like analogy to the organs of sense, had affinity for the objects. 
The lower animals had one decided advantage over man in an uneducated state— 
their comfort was not disturbed by false notions of religions Man was the highest 
being to whom the thoughts of animals were directed, and their attachments to him 
appeared quite as strong as those of men to each other. Animals had equal attach- 
ments to home, and the nostalgia which a continued absence inflicts was perhaps as 
painful as any that men suffer. ; 
Evils were common both to men and animals. The greater part of the evils in- 
flicted on men proceeded from their own misconduct. But there were other evils 
evidently intended to impel us to cultivate our intellect and our talents by searching 
for the means to remove them. Thus the scurvy was an evil, and our search lad 
removed it by lemon-juice; malaria was removeable by ventilation and drainage ; 
distance of time and space science had removed by our railways and télegraphs; the 
dangers of navigation had been reduced by harbours of refuge, recent obsefvation 
of currents, and the rotations of storm ; small-pox had been antagonized by vaccina- 
tion; pain by chloroform; famine, the herald of pestilence, had been prevented by 
agricultural improvements ; might it not be hoped that the mind would be equally 
successful in diminishing the remainder of our evils? Ignorance was perhaps our 
greatest evil, the source of so many others ; crime the greatest of all, by the misery 
which it inflicted. But how, as to the evils to which animals were liable, without 
the mental means of subverting them? Toman this life might perhaps be considered 
as a school of conduct, in which evils were our schoolmasters to urge u8 to “seek 
that we may find;” to ‘‘ knock that it may be opened unto us.” Even our mental 
evils were lessons, when they were antagonized by thoughts and actions that tended 
to the comfort of others, or the progressive advancement of our own minds, Was 
not that a proof of the benevolence of the moral law by which we were governed? 
But animals had no such resource. Was not that an argument which should induce 
man to act towards them as the Governor of the Universe deals with man ? 
No anitnal inferior to man has ever been known to create a work of art, discover 
a law of nature, and comprehend or apply it when produced by man. But man 
creates works of art, discovers laws of nature, and applies them to advance his rank 
in the scale of being. It may be therefore true of animals, that nothing enters the 
intellect but the single objects which pass through their senses Without perception 
