and timidity of those species which have hornless females, their being 

 either perfectly monogamous, or residing in small detached families, 

 composed of a single adult male and variable number of females, and 

 the circumstance of the males adhering throughout life to the same 

 female are all phsenomena vphich are traceable to the defenceless 

 condition of the females. These phsenomena are contrasted with 

 those exhibited by Ruminants, in which there are horns in both sexes ; 

 they are said to be extremely bold, to reside generally in large herds, 

 and to have a community of sexual intercourse, and rarely attach 

 themselves to particular individuals. * 



The number, form, and peculiar curvatures of the horns are next 

 considered ; and the author arrives at the conclusion, that all the va- 

 rious flexures of the horns, as well as their number, form, and direc- 

 tion, have no assignable relation to the habits and economy of animal 

 life ; they should not therefore be selected for generic diagnoses. 

 On the other hand, the form of the upper lip, as well as its hairy or 

 naked character, having a very decided influence on the habits and 

 economy of ruminating animals, ought by no means to be neglected 

 in the classification of this group. Other important characters may 

 be derived from the crumens and other glands, or certain pits or 

 sinuses which open externally, especially in different parts of the 

 head in ruminating animals. The most remarkable, as well as the 

 most common of these are the suborbital, sometimes called the la- 

 chrymal sinuses, or tear-pits, but which Mr. Ogilby distinguishes by 

 the name of crumens, a term applied to them by Dr. Flemming. 

 These are situated at a short distance below the inner canthus of the 

 eye, and received into a cavity of the lachrymal bone ; at their bot- 

 tom is a gland, opening into the crumen by a number of small aper- 

 tures, and secreting a viscous substance, of the consistence of ear-wax. 

 The various modifications of the form of these crumens in ditFerent 

 Ruminants being pointed out in the paper, the author proceeds to 

 the consideration of their functions and uses : he observed that the 

 Gazelles and Antelopes in the Society's menagerie frequently pro- 

 truded this crumen, and rubbed its inner surface against the rails of 

 the compartments in which they were confined, seeming to take a 

 pleasure in smelling and licking it afterwards. A male and female 

 Gazelle, occupying contiguous compartments, were changed, and 

 it was found that they immediately discovered the viscous deposit, 

 and became restless and agitated ; the male Gazelle was some days 

 after made to change places with an Indian Antelope, but neither 

 animal appeared to take the sHghtest notice, or to be aware of the 

 presence of its predecessor. "This, to be sure," says Mr. Ogilby, 

 " is but a single experiment, but it countenances the idea, highly pro- 

 bable in itself, that the deposit which the animals leave behind them 

 by rubbing the crumens against the shrubs or stones of their desert 

 and mountain habitats, (for it is only the inhabitants of such locali- 

 ties that are furnished with these organs, at least among the hollow- 

 horned family,) may serve to direct them in their wanderings and 

 migrations, when the storms and fogs incident to such places obscure 

 all visible landmarks. But whatever it may be, the principles of 



