Palceolithic and earlier Flint Implements. 37 



He considei'ed that there were four lines of inquiry of primary 

 importance — 



1. Were the specimens obtained in situ in a geological formation ? 



2. What was the geological age of the formation ? 



3. Did the flints show indubitable proof of the handiwork of Man ? 



4. Could such a sequence of types of implements be established in this 

 country as to enable geologists to use implements as zone-fossils in the deposits 

 of the Human Period ? 



He then called upon eacli exhibitor to explain briefly the nature 

 and object of his exhibit. 



Mr. J. R. Moir exhibited specimens which included (1) implements 

 from the base of the Suffolk Red Crag, comprising the well-known 

 rostro-carinate type, borers, pointed forms, flakes, and scrapers; also 

 some Cetacean bones whicli presented the appearance of having been 

 fashioned by man ; (2) flints flaked by the exhibitor, showing the 

 various stages in the manufacture of a rostro-carinate implement ; 

 (3) four groups of implements from the Middle Glacial gravel imder- 

 lying Boulder-clay ; (4) a series of implements from the Boulder-clay ; 

 and (5) a series of implements of the Strepy type of Rutot from 

 a Glacial gravel apparently later in age than the Boulder-clay. 



Mr. F. jS". Haward exhibited a series of bulbs of percussion and 

 facetted flints, many with edges chipped on one or more sides, from 

 Glacial gravels and the Cannon-shot Gravels of Norfolk. He pointed 

 out that the large roiinded flints from the Cannon-shot Gravels were 

 a mass of cones of percussion, some exhibited being 1^ inches in 

 diameter at the base, and of character similar to those produced 

 artificially. From a Glacial gravel at Lenwade specimens were 

 shown of tabular flints with chipped edges, and others which 

 simulated closely the 'hollow scraper' and 'one-edge' work xisnally 

 attributed to the hand of Man. From gravel at Tuddenham, full of 

 split flints fresh from the Chalk, the edges of the flints exhibited 

 were chipped almost entirely from one side : this chipping lie 

 attributed with confidence to natural agencies. For some years 

 he had been working at certain types of chipped flints wliich some 

 would consider artefacts, but of which he had grave doubts ; and he 

 had collected a large series from a pit at Eaton, near Norwich. This 

 pit from its basement bed, wliich is 1 foot thick, yielded a remarkable 

 series of flints with chipped secondary edges of various shapes. The 

 basement bed consisted of three zones : The bottom zone was made 

 up of Chalk in process of disintegration. The middle zone consisted 

 entirely of much fractured chalk flints, many of which come away as 

 a mass of splinters and contain bulbous flakes. The splitting of these 

 flints was due to crushing in situ under great pressure, but the flakes 

 show little or no secondary chipping. The top zone yielded all the 

 chipped specimens which he exhibited, and he pointed out that they 

 all came from one face of the pit, that they were collected in 

 a horizontal distance of 12 feet, and were picked out by liand. The 

 specimens are generally scratched all over, and many sliow remarkable 

 selective work on one edge. A like series was also exhibited from 

 a similar basement bed at Harford Bridges. They also occur at 

 East Runton and in many other places Avhere the basement bed is 



