286 Reports & Proceedings — Geological Society of London. 



The author describes and discusses the greater part of a mandibular 

 ramus and symphysis of Bryopithecus fojitani, lent to him by Professor 

 L. M. Yidal, of Barcelona. The specimen was found by Seiior Jose 

 Colominas in association with the Hipparion fauna at Seo de Urgel, 

 in the Province of Lerida (Northern Spain). It is, therefore, the 

 latest jaw of an Anthropoid ape hitherto discovered in Europe, 

 although probably contemporaneous with the isolated Anthropoid 

 teeth from the Pohnerz of Wiirtemburg and the well-known 

 Anthropoid femur from the Sands of Eppelsheim (Hesse-Darmstadt). 

 The relatively small size of the first molar is to be regarded as 

 a primitive character, lost in all modern Anthropoids except some 

 Gibbons. The shape of the mandibular symphysis is almost 

 remarkably primitive, with the surface of insertion for the digastric 

 muscle nearly as large as that of the ancestral Macaques (for instance, 

 Mesopithecus). The anterior face of the symphysis slopes directly 

 upwards from the front edge of this insertion, as in the Macaques, 

 some Gibbons, and very young individuals of the Chimpanzee, 

 Gorilla, and Orang. It thus differs considerably from the mandibular 

 symphysis in adult individuals of these existing Apes, in which 

 the lower portion of the slope curves backwards into a more or less 

 well-defined flange or shelf of bone, while the digastric insertion 

 is reduced in extent. The mandibular symphysis of Dryopithecus 

 is, indeed, intermediate in shape between that of the Upper Miocene 

 or Lower Pliocene Mesopithecus and the Lower Pleistocene Homo 

 heidelhergensis. So far as its lower jaw is concerned, Bryopithecus 

 is, therefore, a generalized form from which modern Anthropoid 

 apes and man may have diverged in two different directions. 



2. "The Structure of the Carlisle-Solway Basin, and the Sequence 

 of its Permian and Triassic Pocks." By John Walter Gregory, D.Sc, 

 F.P.S., F.G.S., Professor of Geology in the University of Glasgow. 



The Carlisle-Solway basin has been generally represented as 

 a syncline, with the Solway resting on a great thickness of Triassic 

 rocks. A boring made near Gretna in 1794 shows, on the contrary, 

 that Lower Carboniferous rocks crop out there at the surface. This 

 boring shows that the basin is not a simple syncline. 



The evidence derived from the boring necessitates reconsideration 

 of the Permo-Triassic sequence in North Cumberland, as to which 

 the Geological Survey maps and memoirs are not in agreement. 

 According to Mr. Holmes's view, expressed in the memoir, there 

 are two series of gypseous shales, one above and the other below 

 the St. Bees Sandstone. According to the classification adopted 

 on the maps, there is only one horizon of gypseous shales, which 

 is below the St. Bees Sandstone. Mr. Holmes's case rests on the 

 identification of the rock at the bottom of the Abbeytown boring 

 as St. Bees Sandstone. If that rock be accepted as the Penrith 

 Sandstone, it is unnecessary to assume two series of gypseous shales. 

 Arguments are given to show that the evidence for the existence 

 of the St. Bees Sandstone at the bottom of the Abbeytown and 

 Bowness borings is quite inconclusive, and the fact is improbable. 

 The view adopted by the Geological Survey map as the alternative 



