4o8 bulletin: mi skim of rOMl'AKATIVK ZOOLOGY. 



according ui Nehring. ISS;^). Dog-remains, associated with a human 

 skeleton and palaeolithic implements, were described by Studer (1906) 

 as Catiin i>outiaiini, and were discovered while digging a street near 

 Gute Bologoie in Russia. This was Jis large as a medium-sized Sheep- 

 «log and is believed ))y this author to be the fore-runner of C. intcr- 

 mcdlii.s- of the Bronze Age. which is possibly a hound. 



In the Swiss Lake-dwellings occur skulls of a smaller type of dog 

 named by Riithneyer Cdni.s- jjahisiris. a breed characteristic of the 

 later Neolithic and the Bronze Ages, in Europe, .5,000 to 7,000 years 

 ago. Another Neolithic Dog of small size (skull length, 158 mm.) is 

 descril)ed by Hue (lOOfi) from Clairvaux, Jura, as Canis Ic mirei, while 

 still another of dwarf proportions, C. niihii, is considered by Studer 

 (1906) as a fore-runner of C. palustris. The same author (Studer, 

 1901) sees much resemblance between skulls of C. palustris and those 

 of Chow and Spitz. Undoubtedly the Chow is a rather ancient type, 

 in many wa}s recalling the Eskimo Dog in its erect short ears, 

 bi'oad nmzzle, small eyes, bushy mane, and curled-up tail carried 

 stiffly over the hip. Measurements of skulls of Chows given by 

 Studer are slightly larger than those of C. pnlitfsiri.s. 



No less than four breeds of dogs are recognized by Strobel (1880) in 

 human culture layers transitional from the Neolithic to the Bronze 

 Age in Emilia, Italy. One is the small C. palustris wide-spread in the 

 Stone Age of Europe; the second is C. intermedins, a larger dog sup- 

 posed to be a hoimd; the third is the larger C. matris-optimae, re- 

 garded by Studer (1901) as of the Collie and Sheep-dog (Wolf-dog) 

 type, while the fourth is a Dog smaller than palustris, and believed to 

 be of a distinct breed which Strobel names C. spaletti. Remains of 

 the first three of these breeds are recognized by Woldrich (1898) from 

 culture layers of middle Neolithic times in caverns of Bohemia. 



From these brief accounts of discoveries of prehistoric dogs it is 

 clear that at a very early period of human culture there were at least 

 two or three types under domestication in Europe. It need not be 

 supposed, as some authors have done, that these types are of local 

 origin. Europe, as a peninsula of Asia, probably received its dogs as 

 well as its human population in part at least from the East. Possibly 

 then, as now, certain breeds of dogs were characteristic of different 

 invading tribes. 



