HYALONEMA (HYALONEMA) OBTUSUM. 157 
Strands of longitudinal rhabds enter the wall of the gastral cavity and the 
gastral cone from below. The rhabds of the gastral wall for the most part 
follow the gastral membrane, and here form a dense and distinct subgastral 
layer. The rhabds of the cone lie partly superficially, partly axially. The 
superficial rhabds of the cone are more slender than the axial ones. The axial 
rhabds are congregated in strands which together form a loose column extending 
quite to the summit of the cone (Plate 34, fig. 3). A few hexactine megascleres 
apparently with long longitudinal and shorter transverse rays also take part in 
the formation of this column. The micramphidises not only form a dense layer 
on the outer surface of the gastral cone, but also extend for some distance into 
its interior. Farther down, at a level about 0.3 mm. below the surface, micro- 
hexactines and microhexactine-derivates, similar to those of the choanosome, 
make their appearance in the cone. These spicules extend down to a depth of 
about 0.8 mm., thus occupying a zone about 0.5 mm. thick. The microhexac- 
tines are very numerous in this zone, the microhexactine-derivates rare. The 
central part of the cone, in which the axial column of longitudinal rhabds ex- 
tends, is destitute of microscleres. 
The skeleton of var. robusta appears to be on the whole similar. The micro- 
hexactine-derivates are more various; the uncinates attain a larger size, and reach 
down to greater depths of the sponge. The upper ends of the large stalk-spicules 
are still present, and the felt formed by the slender acanthophores in the basal 
part of the sponge-body is denser and more extensive (Plate 39, figs. 22-24). 
The dermal pinules (Plate 35, figs. 23, 24a, 25, 29-37; Plate 40, figs. 4, 5) 
are mostly pentactine, but hexactine forms also occur, differing from the pentac- 
tine ones only by possessing a sixth, proximal, apical ray. The distal apical ray 
is generally straight, rarely angularly bent below the middle of its length (Plate 
35, fig. 25). In the dermal pinules of var. gracilis 137-165 yu, the ray is usually 
143-154 » long and 4-5 » thick at the base. Farther up it thickens and it gener- 
ally terminates with a stout, broad, and blunt cone 8-11 u thick. Rarely it is 
terminally rounded, dome-shaped, and has a maximum thickness of 12 uw (Plate 
35, fig. 31). The proximal part and the terminal cone (or dome) of the distal 
ray are smooth, its middle-part bears sharp, conic spines. The lowest of these 
spines are sparse, short, and strongly divergent. Farther up they become more 
numerous. ‘The size of the spines increases up to the middle of the length of the 
distal ray and then again decreases; the inclination of the spines towards the 
tip of the ray increases continuously quite to the end. The largest spines attain 
a length of 18-19 u, and are 2-4 uw thick at the base, usually about 3.5 uw. The 
