HISTORICAL. 23 
In Germany the principal writers on fossil Crinoids were: Goldfuss, 
Miiller, the two Roemers, Miinster, Steiniger, Sandberger, Quenstedt, Bey- 
rich, Schultze, v. Meyer, v. Zittel, Follman, Walther, Kunisch, Wagner, 
Steinmann, Neumayr, and Jaekel. The Belgian Crinoids were described 
by de Koninck, and by Fraipont; those of Russia by Eichwald, Grewingk, 
Volborth, F. Schmidt, and Trautschold ; a few Indian specimens by Waagen, 
and those from Australia by Etheridge, Jr., and McCoy. 
In the year 1879 appeared the first volume of von Zittel’s Handbuch der 
Palzxontologie, with a chapter on the Crinoids. He made the latter a class 
of the Echinodermata, with three orders: the Luerinoidea or Crinoidea 
sensu stricto, the Blastoidea and Cystidea. The Eucrinoidea were divided 
into three suborders: Tessellata, Articulata, and Costata, in which he followed 
Miiller. His Tessellata were separated by him into twenty-six families, 
which comprise all the Paleozoic forms, and the Cretaceous genera Marsupites 
and Uintacrinus ; the Articulata into seven families, all Mesozoic and recent 
forms ; the Costata comprise only the Jurassic Saccocoma. 
The Tessellata were defined by him as having thin, immovable calyx 
plates, united by suture with smooth faces; “interradials” rigid; mouth 
subtegminal and anus excentric. Among the families he discriminates 
between forms in which the tegmen consists : — 
A. Exclusively of five large orals, or in addition to them small covering 
pieces closing mouth and food grooves. The orals forming a pyramid or a 
so-called Consolidations-Apparat.” Arms simple: Haplocrinidw, Pisocrinide, and 
Cupressocrinide. 
B. Tegmen composed of small plates; the mouth closed by five orals,. 
which either are tegminal, or placed underneath the tegmen; the anus 
excentric. Dorsal cup formed of three (rarely two) zones; the base gen- 
erally dicyclic. Arms strongly developed ; their ambulacra covered by two 
or three pieces: Hybocrinide, Cyathocrinide, Taxocrinide, Ichthyocrinide, Cro- 
talocrinide and Cheirocrinide. 
C. Tegmen ventricose or balloon-shaped, composed of numerous thin 
pieces; mouth subtegminal. Anal tube long and heavy, the anal opening 
near the base. Arms strongly developed and pinnule-bearing : Heterocrinida, 
Poteriocrinde and Marsupitide. 
D. Tegmen composed of heavy, frequently nodose plates; the middle 
portion covered by seven larger pieces. Mouth subtegminal, communicating 
with the arms through plated tubes. Anus often extended into a long pro- 
