2o8 TiMEHRI. 



annexed to Reliance. In 1865, Anna Regina was the 

 leading vacuum pan estate in Essequebo. Reliance v/^s 

 only a muscovado estate, but capital and machinery have 

 placed it in the front, and so the head has become but a 

 part of the whole. Many estates that when I came here 

 were flourishing, are but as names of the past, and all 

 from want of capital or pluck on the part of the owners 

 to put the latest and best appliances of machinery in 

 their buildings ; whilst others that were muscovado 

 estates, are to-day, from the fa6l of their having the best 

 machinery erefled on them, the leading ones of the 

 colony, for instance Windsor Forest, Leonora, Lusignan, 

 Providence, Nonpareil, Mon Repos, Taymouth Manor, 

 Reliance, Golden Fleece, Ui Iv I ugt and others. In 1865 

 Haarlem made 12 tons of first sugar per day, and no 

 second sugar, this latter quality being only made on a few 

 estates ; the molasses were sold for exportation, and a cer- 

 tain quantity converted into rum. All the sugar made that 

 year was white, of the best quality, cured for the English 

 market, and fetched 52s. a cwt. ; the duty was los. 6d., 

 which left a margin of 41s. 6d., or say £2 a cwt., £^0 

 a ton ; what a change as compared with to-day ! The 

 hours counted as a day's work on that estate were any 

 or every one of the 24, as long as the day's work was done. 

 There was no proper regulation, as there is now on 

 estates, that there should be a sufficiency of mules, punts 

 and water in the canals to supply the engine with canes 

 (and here let me offer a tribute to the memory of the 

 late William Russell, whose name or memory will 

 never die, when we remember that to him we princi- 

 pally owe our present water supply). The open battery 

 and pan were not equal to evaporating the supply of 



