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the inferior transverse processes of the sixth to the twelfth cervical 
vertebre inclusive; the fibres pass obliquely upwards and_ back- 
wards, and are inserted by a thin fascia into the median line of the 
skin, covering the back of the neck. 
Platysma myoides.—The representative of this cutaneous muscle 
is a thin triangular layer of muscular fibres, taking their origin from 
the outer side of the ramus of the jaw, and diverging as they descend 
to spread over the throat, and meeting their fellows at a middle 
raphé of insertion beneath the upper larynx and beginning of the 
trachea, which they thus serve to compress and support. 
Dermo-spinalis.—Origin. By a thin fascia from the ends of the 
spinous processes of the three anterior dorsal vertebrae. Ins. The 
fibres slightly converge to be attached to the integument covering 
the scapular region. 
Dermo-iliacus.-—_Origin. Fleshy, from the anterior margin of the 
ilium. Jns. The fibres pass forwards and slightly converge to be in- 
serted into the scapular integument. 
Dermo-costalis—A muscle resembling the preceding in form. 
Origin. Fleshy, from the costal appendages of the seventh and 
eighth ribs. Jns. The fibres pass forwards and join those of the 
preceding muscle, to be inserted into the scapular integument. 
Obs. 'The three preceding muscles are broad and thin, but well- 
defined ; they would appear to influence the movements of the rudi- 
mentary spur-armed wing through the medium of the integument, 
as powerfully as do the rudimental representatives of the true muscles 
of the anterior extremity. 
There are also two muscles belonging to the cutaneous series, and 
inserted directly into the bones of the wing. One of these, the 
dermo-ulnaris, is a small, slender, elongated muscle, which takes its 
origin from the fascia beneath the dermo-costalis ; its fibres pass 
backwards, and converge to terminate in avery slender tendon which 
expands into a fascia, covering the back part of the elbow joint. 
Use. To extend the elbow joint and raise the wing. 
The dermo-humeralis is also a long and narrow strip, deriving its 
origin from scattered tendinous threads in the subcutaneous cellular 
tissue of the abdomen: it passes upwards, outwards and forwards, 
and is inserted fleshy into the proximal part of the humerus, which 
it seems to depress*. 
* In Mammalia the cutaneous muscles form a more continuous stratum 
than in the Apteryx and other birds, and hence have been grouped together 
under the common term panniculus carnosus; they have also, in general, 
both their origins and insertions in the integument; but in Birds, in 
which the integument supports so extraordinary an abundance of the epi- 
dermic material under the form of feathers, the muscles destined to its 
especial motions require a more fixed attachment from which to act. The 
Rhinoceros, in which the integuments, from the thickness and density of its 
corium, is in a similar condition as regards the resistance to be overcome 
by the skin-muscles, presents an analogous condition of its panniculus car- 
nosus, having it divided into several distinct muscles, most of which take 
their origin from bone or fasciz attached to bone. 
