69 
Recent Examples of the Effect on Lepidoptera of Extreme 
Temperatures applied in the Pupal Stage. 
By F. MERRIFIELD, F.E.S. 
(Summary of a paper read October 28th, 1897.) 
Mr. MERRIFIELD first exhibited the examples shown by him at the 
Royal Society’s Soirée early in the year, and since placed on view for 
some months in the Insect Gallery of the British Natural History 
Museum ; these were as follows : 
P. atalanta, 3 forced, 1 cooled, then forced, 3 cooled; V. zo, 1 
forced, 1 cooled; V. urtice, 6 forced, 6 cooled, 1 var. zchnusa for 
comparison ; 1 V. polychloros cooled; C. phlwas, 4 forced, 4 cooled, 
2 cooled, then heated; P. daplidice, 2 cooled, 2 forced; P. napz, 2 
forced, 2 cooled; C. edusa, 1 cooled; A. /evana, (a) winter pupa, 
4 normal, 4 forced; (4) summer pupa (/evana form), 5 normal or 
forced, 3 cooled (resembling winter pupa form), 8 intermediate 
(portma form); A. caja, 2 heated, 2 cooled; L£. autumnaria, 3 
heated, 3 cooled; S. carpinz, 2 heated, 2 cooled; D. fatcataria, 
winter pupa, 2 heated, 2 cooled; 2 functaria, (a) winter pupa, 2 
forced, 2 normal; (4) summer pupa, 3 forced, 3 cooled; 2 first 
cooled, then forced ; .Se/enza dz/unaria, (a) winter pupa, 2 forced, 2 
cooled ; (4) summer pupa, 2 forced, 2 cooled; S. /unarva, (a) winter 
pupa, 2 forced, 2 cooled ; (4) summer pupa, 2 forced, 2 cooled. Of 
S. tetralunaria (tllustraria) many were exhibited, embracing winter 
‘pupa forced and normal, including some which had been cooled and 
then forced, resembling in their markings those which had been cooled, 
but in their colouring approaching those which had been forced. 
With reference to the species exhibited, and especially those of the 
genus Se/enta, he quoted the following extract from the Royal 
Society’s Soirée Catalogue : 
“The temperatures were mostly three, viz. (1) forced, about 80° to 
tog’ F.; (2) eooled, about 43°—52° F.; (3) zced, about 34° F., 
Summer pupz are generally much more affected than winter pupz, 
which in most species are not affected at all’ ‘The pattern appears 
generally to be most affected by temperature in the early pupal 
stages ; the colouring often in later pupal stages. In the summer 
pupa of such a species as .S. ¢e¢ra/unaria the combinations of winter 
pattern with summer colouring, and summer pattern with winter 
colouring, of which examples are exhibited, can thus be produced on 
moths proceeding from the same parents.” 
He then exhibited specimens of Aporia crategi and Argynnts 
paphia which had recently been successfully operated on by him, 
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