20 GENESIS OF THE APJETIP.E. 



in other animals, especially in man himself, the decline was marked by degra- 

 dation of certain characters, and the number of parts undergoing degeneration 

 was gradually increased, until finally the whole of the body was more or less 

 affected. 



This period has been frequently described by the author in previous publi- 

 cations, and will be more fully described farther on. It is necessary now only 

 to call attention to the fact, that the geratologic or old-age period can be natu- 

 rally subdivided into two quite distinct stages. The first, or Clinologic stage, 

 included the retrogressive transformations during which the iicalogic and ephebolic 

 characters became resorbed one after another, usually in reverse order to the succession in 

 ivhich they were introduced during the progressive stages of growth. The size of the 

 whorl also, sooner or later according to the species, showed retrogression during 

 this period. All of these retrogressive tendencies reached their extreme ex- 

 pression in the last and final stage of the ontogeny of the individual. In this 

 stage the spines, pilaa, and often the keel and channels, when present, were 

 lost, and the size of the whorl was so much reduced in all its diameters that it 

 became more or less rounded, whatever the angularity of the whorl during the 

 ephebolic period. This stage we have designated by the term Nostologic, on 

 account of the likeness to its own naepionic period, which was finally acquired by 

 the smooth, almost rounded whorl after the loss of its progressive characters. 



Geratology, or the study of the relations of these old-age stages, shows, as we 

 shall try to demonstrate farther on, that the clinologic characters can be used to 

 predict the degradational modifications which appeared in any series of orna- 

 mented shells when placed under such unfavorable conditions that their descend- 

 ants became degraded, and series of more and more retrogressive forms were 

 gradually brought into existence. A number of such series have been traced by 

 several authors, and they usually end with a perfect]} - straight form. This form 

 terminated the phylogeny of the series in a manner comparable to that in which 

 the nostologic stage terminated the ontogeny of the individual. It is usually 

 separated also by a gap from all other species, which has not yet been fully filled 

 by intermediate species. This nostologic adult form, the so-called genus Baculites, 

 is not only comparable in this way and by means of its smooth and compressed 

 cylindrical whorl with the last stage of ontogeny, but it is also a very complete 

 reversion to the aspect of the earliest radicals of its own class, the Orthoceratite 

 and Endoceratite. 



This nomenclature is similar to that originated and published by Haeckel, and 

 at first sight may appear to many naturalists as identical; but it is really only 

 complementary. It is based upon strictly structural and morphological grounds, 

 whereas Haeckel's nomenclature 1 was entirely physiological. This eminent author 

 regarded the ontogeny of an individual as a cycle divisible into three periods; 

 first, the progressive stages of Anaplasis, or those of progressive evolution; sec- 

 ondly, the stages of fulfilled growth and development, Metaplasis ; thirdly, those 

 of decline. Cataplasis. lie also appreciated and gave full weight to the general 

 physiological correlations which are traceable between the history of a group and 

 1 Morphol. d. Organismen, II. pp. 18 . 



