ETMOPTERUS SPINAX. 223 



EtMOPTERUS SPINAX. 



Galeus acanthias sen Spinax fuscus: Genuce, Sagree Willughby, 1686, Pise, p. 57; ^ay, 1713, Pise, p. 21. 



Squalus pinna ani car ens; naribus in extremo rostro Artedi, 1738, Ichthyologia, Syn., p. 95, Gen. 67, 

 no. 4; Walbaum, 1792, Artedi, p. 506. 



Squalus spinax Linne, 1746, Fauna Svec, p. 107; 1758, Syst., 1, p. 233; 1766, Syst., 1, p. 398; Muller, 

 1776, Zool. Dan. Prodr., p. 37; Bonnaterre, 1788, Ichth., p. 12; Gmelin, 1789, Linne Sy.st., 1, p. 

 1501, Schneider, 1801, Bloch Ichth., p. 135; Risso, 1810, Ichth. Nice, p. 41; Nilsson, 1832, Pro- 

 dromus, p. 118; Jenyns, 1835, Man., p. 505. 



Squalus niger Gunner., 1763, Act. Nidr., 2, p. 213, pi. 7, 8. 



Le blaataske Ascanius, 1777, Icon., 4, pi. 37. 



Le sagre Broussonet, 1780, Mem. Acad, roy., p. 675. 



Le squale sagre LacepI;de, 1798, Poissons, 1, p. 274. 



Etmopterus aculeatus Rafinesque, 1810, Caratteri, p. 14, pi. 13, f. 3; Indice, p. 46. 



Squalus (Acanthorhinus) spinax Blainv., 1816, Bull. Soc. philom., p. 121; 1830, Poiss. Fr., p. 60. 



Spinax spinax Cuvier, 1817, Reg. anim., 2, p. 129. 



Spinax niger Cloquet, 1820, Diet. sci. nat. Suppl., 1, p. 93; Agass., 1836, Rech. poiss. foss., 3, p. 61, 93, 

 pi. A, f. 3, pi. B, f. 4, 5; Bonaparte, 1841, Icon. Fauna Ital., Pesci, pi. 58, f. 1; MIjller & Henle, 

 1841, Plagios., p. 86; Gray, 1851, Chondropterygii, p. 71; Kroyer, 1853, Damn, fiske, 3, p. 893; 

 NiLssoN, 1855, Fisk. Skand., 4, p. 729; Dumbril, 1865, Elasm., p. 441, pi. 4, f. 13, 14; Gijnth., 

 1870, Cat. fishes Brit, mus., 8, p. 424; Canestrini, 1872, Ital. pesci, p. 40; Gerv. & Boul., 1876, 

 Poiss. Fr., 3, p. 209, pi. 80, f. 27; Moreau, 1881, Poiss. France, 1, p. 348, f. 59; Doderlein, 1881, 

 Man. ittiol. Medit. 2, p. 96; Regan, 1908, Ann. mag. nat. hist., ser. 8, 2, p. 43. 



Acanthias spinax Risso, 1826, Hist, nat., 3, Poissons, p. 132. 



Squalus gunneri Reinhardt, 1828, Kongl. Dansk. selsk. Forh., 3, p. 16. 



Centrina nigra Lowe, 1843, Proc. Zool. soc. Lond., p. 144; Trans. Zool. soc. Lond., 3, p. 19. 



Etmopterus spinax Goode & Bean, 1896, Mem. M. C. Z., 22, p. 10 (non fig.); Garman, 1899, Mem. 

 M. C. Z., 26, p. 27; Braganca, 1904, Res. inv. Amel., 2, p. 61, pi. 2, f. 1; Jensen 1907, Dan. 

 fiske, p. 312, pi. 29, f. 1-1 f. 



Head nearly one fifth of the total length, broad. Snout long, subangular in 

 front of the orbits, rounded at the end, preoral length about half the head from 

 the pectorals; nostrils midway from the end to the orbit, anterior nasal valve 

 acuminate at its outer angle. Orbits longer than their distance from the end of 

 the snout. Spiracles moderate, backward and upward from the orbit half the 

 length of the eye. Width of mouth little less than its distance from the end of 

 the snout; each angle with a deep, short, straight groove, and a pair of short 

 equal labial folds. Teeth f^zf^; upper median cusp much longer, and stronger 

 than the pair (1-3) of lateral cusps at each side of its base; cutting edge of lower 

 teeth oblique, nearly horizontal, slightly curved. Gill openings as wide as the 

 spiracles, in front of the pectoral. Pectorals short, subtruncate, angles rounded, 

 not reaching to the origin of the dorsal by about one length of the orbit. Spine 

 of the first dorsal midway from the orbit to the spine of the second, or midway 

 from the end of the snout to the hinder end of the base of the second dorsal, 

 half the height of the fin, half as long as the spine of the second dorsal. Base 

 of first dorsal without the spine one sixth of its distance from the second, three 

 fourths as long as the base of the second without the spine. Second dorsal much 



