306 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. 



Disk subcircular, little wider than long. Snout short, subtruncate, more 

 convex in young. Nostrils small; anterior valves confluent, forming an upper 

 lip with rounded or blunted angles; outer section of posterior valves curved 

 forward at the outer side of the nostril, inner section turned backward toward the 

 angle of the mouth. Mouth small, crescentic; teeth small, in fo rows on a six 

 inch specimen, in If rows on an adult male of nine and one half inches, crown 

 with an acute point. Spiracles nearly as large as the eyes, most often with 

 seven papillae on the margin; of which the anterior two and the fourth are 

 commonly the larger. Dorsals small, rounded; first dorsal not twice as large as 

 the second, with half of its base above the bases of the ventrals. Tail short 

 about one thu-d of the total length, or half that of the body cavity. Caudal 

 axis slightly raised, fins nearly equal, subtruncate. 



Back rusty brown, spotted with darker brown or with white, or with both 

 brown and white; in cases nearly or quite uniform brown. White beneath, 

 except under edges of fins and disk; sometimes with scattered blotches of brown. 



Total length 9|, body cavity 6j, tail 3j, width 6, and length of disk 5| inches. 



Mediterranean Sea and Eastern Atlantic. 



Narcacion torpedo. 



NapKT/, Aristotle, Hist, anim., II, c. ix, 3; II, xi, 7; vi, c. x, 7, 9; ix, c. xxv, 2. 



Torpedo Pliny, Historia, book ix, chap. 42; Jovius, 1524, Romanis piscibus, c. 28; Wotton, 1552, 



Diff. anim., f. 145. 

 Torpedo oculata Belon, 1553, Aquat., p. 92, fig. 

 Narcacion torpedo Klein, 1742, Hist, pise, miss., 3, p. 31; 1777, Neuer Schaupl., 4, p. 726, 733; 



Walbaum, 1792, Artedi, p. 580 (part). 

 Raia torpedo Linne, 1758, Syst., 1, p. 231 (part); 1776, Syst., 1, p. 395; Brunnich, 1768, Ichthy. Massi- 



liensis, p. 1; Block, 1785, Ausl. fische, 1, p. 44, pi. 122; Gmelin, 1788, Syst., 1, p. 1504; Blumen- 



BACH, 1810, Abbild. nat. gegenstande, no. 57; Geoffroy, 1892, Ann. mus., 1, p. 392, pi. 26, f. 1. 

 Cramp fish Brookes, 1763, Nat. hist., 3, p. 43. 

 Cramp ray Pennant, 1769, Zool., 3, p. 67. 

 Raia torpedo MtJLLER, 1774, Linne natursystem, 3, p. 237. 

 Torpedo narke Risso, 1810, Ichth. Nice, p. 18; 1826, Hist. nat. 3, Poissons, p. 142; Cuv., 1817, Reg. 



anim., 2, p. 134; Bonaparte, 1841, Icon. Fauna Ital., Pesci. 

 Torpedo unimaculata Risso, 1810, Ichth. Nice, p. 19, pi. 3, f. 3; 1826, Hist. nat. 3, Poissons, p. 143, pi. 4, 



f. 8; Cuv., 1817, Reg. anim., 3, p. 134. 

 Torpedo ocellata Rudolphi, 1821, Grund. phys., 1, p. 199; Olfers, 1831, Torpedo, p. 9, pi. 1, f. 3; Henle, 



1834, Ueber Narcine, p. 30; Fritsch, 1886, Arch, physiol., p. 367. 

 Raia narce Nardo, 1827, Prod. Adriat. Ichthy., p. 8, no. 4; Gijnth., 1870, Cat. fishes Brit, mus., 8, p. 449. 

 Torpedo oculata Davy, 1829, Philos. trans., p. 15; 1832, Philos. trans., p. 259; 1839, Researches, 1, 



pi. 1-12; MtJLLER -& Henle, 1841, Plagios., p. 127; Dumeril, 1852, Rev. & mag. zool., p. 234; 



1865, Elasm., p. 506. 

 Torpedo (Eunarce) narke Fowler, 1910, Proc. Acad. nat. sci. Phil., 62, p. 472. 



Disk wider than long broadly rounded. Snout short, slightly concave in 

 front. Nostrils small, wider than the space between them; anterior valves 



