328 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. 



Back brown; lower surface white, excepting some dark spots below the 

 tail and the ventral fins. 



Off Holstensborg, in Lat. 66° 35' N., Long. 56° 38' W. at a depth of 318 

 fathoms. 



Raia fullonica. 



Raia fullonica Rondelet, 1554, Pise, p. 356; Gesneu, 1558, Aquat., p. 938; Aldrovandi, 1613, Pise, 

 p. 462; JoNST., 1649, Pise, 37, pi. xi, f. 4. 



Raia aspera Willughby, 1686, Pise, p. 78; Fleming, 1828, Brit, anim., p. 172. 



Raia aspera nostras Ray, 1713, Pise, p. 26. 



Raia loto dorso aculeata Artedi, 1738, Ichthyologia, Syn., p. 101, Gen., p. 72, no. 6. 



Raia fullonica Linne, 1758, Syst., 1, p. 231; 1766, Sy.st., 1, p. 396; Bonnateure, 1788, Ichth., p. 3; 

 Gmelin, 1789, Linne Syst., 1, p. 1507; Walbaum, 1792, Artedi, p. 528; Schneider, 1801, Bloch 

 Ichth., p. 367; Risso, 1810, Ichth., Nice, p. 6; Fries, 1838, Vet. akad. Handl., p. 150, pi. 2, f. 2; 

 MtJLLER & Henle, 1841, Plagios., p. 145; Kroyer, 1853, Damn, fiske, 3, p. 296; Nilsson, 1855, 

 Fisk. Skand., 4, p. 737; GtJNTH., 1870, Cat. fishes Brit, mus., 8, p. 467; Winther, 1879, Nat. tid- 

 skr., 12, p. 61; Day, 1884, Brit, fishes, 2, p. 342, pi. 170; Vaillant, 1888, Travailleur et Talisman, 

 Poissons, p. 79, pi. 4, f. 1; Collett, 1905, Vid. selsk. Forh., no. 7, p. 140; Jensen, 1907, Dan. 

 fiske, p. 336. 



Raia spinosa Valmont, 1768, Diet, d'hist. nat., 3, p. 704. 



Rough ray Pennant, 1769, Zool., 3, p. 66. 



Shagreen ray Pennant, 1776, Zool., 3, p. 77; Couch, 1865, Brit, fishes, 1, p. 117, pi. 28. 



Raia tuberculata Bonnaterre, 1788, Ichth., p. 3, no. 6. 



Raia granulosa Schneider, 1801, Bloch Ichth., p. 368. 



La raie chardon Ascanius, 1805, Icon., 6, p. 4, pi. 43. 



Raia chagrinea Montagu, 1815, Mem. Wern. soe, 2, p. 420, pi. 21; Jenyns, 1835, Man., p. 513; Par- 

 NELL, 1838, Mem. Wern. soe, 7, p. 431, pi. 41; Parnell, 1840, Trans. Roy. soe Edinb., 14, p. 

 144; Dumeril, 1865, Elasm., p. 560; Moreau, 1881, Poiss. France, 1, p. 40. 



Raia flossada Risso, 1826, Hist, nat., 3, Poissons, p. 145. 



Leucoraja fullonica Malm, 1877, Goteb. och Bohus fauna, p. 609. 



Disk rhomboid, without the ventrals broader than long, acute angled in 

 front, outer angles about 90°, anterior margins undulated, indented, hinder 

 margins broadly rounded. Snout nearly one fourth of the width of the disk, 

 three times the interorbital width, produced sharp. Teeth sharp, slender, in 

 about 60 rows. Young and females covered with minute close-set spines. On 

 males there are large naked spaces; tenacula are present on adults of this sex. 

 A few tubercles above the end of the rostral cartilage, a series on each orbital 

 ridge, a short median row behind the head on the shoulder girdle, with scattered 

 tubercles farther back, two rows of larger tubercles on the top of the tail, which 

 is without a median series, but has an irregular row at each side on large individ- 

 uals. Tail shorter than disk. 



Specimens are taken of a total length of more than three feet. 



Yellowish to reddish brown. 



Off coasts of Europe to Madeira. 



