INDIAN TRIBES OF THE MISSOURI VALLEY. 397 
shi’-a-pe’, bulls and cows; da-ka’-ka-na-ka-a’-pa, the bird and its young. Sometimes the con- 
junction is repeated after both nouns; as, ¢i-ro-pe-ho-it-si’-ri-ho, a bull or a horse; uli-ho’, it is 
either the one or the other. 
VI. INTERJECTIONS. 
12. There are but few interjections; as, ha-hi-a! halloo there! to call to one at a dis- 
tance; di-du’-ka-a! hurrah! to one only; di-du-ka-éa’xa! hurrah, my boys! a common word 
used in the act of fighting; ho! come! nés-ha’-ra! get out! nali-a-ra! go away! 
VII. Pronouns. 
13. Pronouns are of two kinds, the simple and the fragment pronoun. ‘The simple 
pronouns are complete in themselves; the fragment-pronoun is found only in connection 
with other words. ‘The simple personal pronouns are, 
bi, I. bi’-rad, we. bi’-ru, us. 
di, thou. di’-rid, you. di/-ru, you. 
i, he. i-rid, they. i-ru, them. 
14. The possessive personal pronouns are declined in the following manner: 
t 
AFFIRMATIVELY. 
bi-ru’-duk, it was ours. 
bi-bek’, it is mine. 
di-dék’, it is thine. 
i-dék’, it is his. 
bi-ru’-dak, it is ours. Mee ee 
bi-be’-sa, it is not mine. 
di-du’-duk, it was yours. 
i-du’-duk, it was theirs. 
di-ru’-dak, it is yours. 
i-ru’-dak, it is theirs. di-de’-sa, it is not thine. 
i-de’-sak, it is not his. 
bi-di’-duk, it was mine. bi-ru-be’-sa, it is ours. 
di-di’-duk, it was thine. di-ru-de’-sa, it is yours. 
idi/-duk, it was his. ko-de’-sak, it is theirs. 
15. The fragment-pronouns are used in conjugating verbs and declining nouns, and are 
placed at the beginning, in the middle, and sometimes at the end of the word, as the form 
of the noun or verb may seem to require. Those pronouns denoting possession are 
attached to all nouns which represent objects of ownership. ‘The following illustrations 
will explain themselves without further remark. Changes of vowels occur according to 
the form of the word or particular vowel with which they stand connected. 
mi-nup’-he, my father. ba-Gin’-a, my husband. 
ni-nup’-he, thy father. da-Cin’-a, thy husband. 
i-nup’-lie, his father. is-Gin’-a, her husband. 
