DEFINITIONS AND FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONS. 469 
16. All knowledge, therefore, starting from Intelligence, is limited by the nature and 
laws of Intelligence, and every Science must rest for its foundation on the Science of Mind. 
The Science of Science, which embraces all possible knowledge, was dignified by Socrates 
with the name of Philosophy, or the love of wisdom. 
17. The simplest possible form of division is dual, but in treating of the faculties or 
capacities of Mind, there has been a very general recognition of triplicity. From the days 
of Pythagoras, who recognized in the soul three elements, Reason (vis), Intelligence (¢gp7), 
and Passion (dvyes),* to those of Hegel, who finds the manifestations of the Idee in Soul, 
Consciousness, and Reason, a fundamental ternary division has been adopted, with a mar- 
vellous unanimity which I can account for only by supposing it either to have been 
taught among the esoteric mysteries that shadow forth some of the earliest direct revela- 
tions to our race, or to have been founded on some obscure and dimly seen necessity of 
things. 
18. For every general tendency, it is reasonable to suppose that there is some natural 
cause, yet no such cause appears to have been assigned or suspected, for the preference of 
any special form in the arrangement and classification of mental phenomena. There must 
be a great degree of uniformity in the facts that are made the objects of our study, and it 
is the duty of the critical investigator, to search for the law of which that uniformity is 
typical. “Facts are the words of God, and we may heap them together endlessly, but 
they will teach us little or nothing till we place them in their true relations, and recognize 
the thought that binds them together as a consistent whole.”’+ 
19. Among the many marvellous aphorisms of Aristotle, one of the most marvellous 
and productive is to be found in Book XI, Chap. XI, of his Metaphysics. “That which 
is changed is changed either from a characteristict into a characteristic, or from a non- 
characteristic into a characteristic, or from a characteristic into a non-characteristic. 
I call that a characteristic which is made known by affirmation, so that it is necessary that 
* Lewes. See also in Anderson, p. 76, the following citation from Fragmenta Pythag. ex Theage in Opus- 
culis Mythologicis. ‘The soul consists of three parts: reason, irascible passion, and cupidity. Reason has sub- 
jected to it knowledge; passion, the bravery of strength ; cupidity, appetite.’’ Aristotle (40cxciv Eddyuiwy, B. II, 
Chap. 7), says: “ But of these three things, there would seem to be one; either according to longing (zaz’ cpsEw), 
or according to intention (xara zpoaipecw), or according to understanding (xara dcdvoray).” Many modern meta- 
physicians, adopting a more imperfect, because less comprehensive division, admit but three principal faculties of 
the mind: will, judgment, and understanding. 
} Agassiz: Atlantic Monthly, July, 1862. 
£ I can think of no better translation for uzoze/uevov than characteristic or constituent. 'The more obvious in- 
terpretations, subject and substantial, have been appropriated to denote more special meanings. 
