DEFINITIONS AND FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONS. 471 
relations of the knowing, or as it is technically called, the Subjective, and of the knowable, 
or the» Objective.* 
25. These relations may be thus designated : 
1. The Subjective-Subjective, in which the Subjective is both antecedent and conse- 
quent. 
2. The Subjective-Objective, in which the Subjective is antecedent, and the Objective 
is consequent. 
3. The Objective-Subjective, in which the Objective is antecedent, and the Subjective 
is consequent. ‘ 
4. The Objective-Objective, in which the Objective is both antecedent and consequent. 
26. In all inquiries connected with the science of Mind, the subjective is necessarily 
-involved, and in consequence of this necessity, mental investigations can be in no way con- 
cerned with the last of these four relations. Of the merely objective-objective, we can 
have no possible knowledge and no positive conception, all our ideas of the action of ob- 
jects upon each other, or of their mutual relations, being derived from the union or com- 
parison of objective-subjective and subjective-objective impressions. 
27. There are then left for our consideration, but three primitive relations, each of 
which represents a distinct phase or form of the Subjective Mind. 
28. The essential attribute of Mind is ConsciousNnEss.t 
29. There may be forms of immaterial substance that are devoid of Consciousness, of 
which Force is perhaps one, but we give the name of Mind only to that portion of our 
being which has the power of perceiving its own operations, and the impressions that are 
made upon it. We can neither feel, act, nor think, without being conscious at the mo- 
ment, of the feeling, action, or thought. It is true that the conscious impression is often 
faint and momentary, and that it often slips instantly from our memory unless there is 
* (Tn the philosophy of mind, subjective denotes what is to be referred to the thinking subject, the Hgo; ob- 
jective what belongs to the object of thought, the Non Heo. . . . The exact distinction of subject and object was 
first made by the schoolmen; and to the schoolmen the vulgar languages are principally indebted for what preci- 
sion and analytic subtilty they possess.” Hamvilton: Discussions, p. 13; see also Cousin: Hl. of Psychology, 
p. 308. ‘ 
The subjective can become objective to itself, but the objective cannot become subjective. The subjective or 
intelligent is therefore supreme. 
+ “The fact of consciousness is a complex phenomenon, composed of three terms: the me and the not-me, 
bounded, limited, finite; again, the idea of the infinite; and still again, the idea of the relation of the me and the 
not-me, that is, of the finite to the infinite.’ Cousin: Hist. of Mod. Philos., Vol. I, p. 126. 
“The first fact with regard to the soul is that it is intelligent and vocal,—that it is not merely a subject, but 
also an organ of THat WHICH KNOws in the universe.” D. A. Wasson: Atlantic Monthly, Vol. XI, p. 40. 
Vou. x11.—60 
